ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืœ"ื– โ€“ ืจืž"ื โ€“ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื›ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ืณืชืฉืดืž
 
09/01/1980

ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.

ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ: ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื ื” ืืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื‘ืืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื ื™ื–ืง, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืชืจื™"ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ.

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื ื” ื›ืš1:

ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ืจืœ"ื– ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื™ืชืขืœื” "ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื’ื— ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•'". ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืฉื” ืคืจืงื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืกื›ืช ืงืžื.
ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ืจืœ"ื— ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื™ืชืขืœื” "ื•ื›ื™ ื™ืคืชื— ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•'". ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื.
ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ืจืœ"ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ืฉื ืงื ื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ืื• ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ืื• ื ื”ืจื’ื”ื• ืื ื‘ื ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ืื• ื ืžื›ืจื”ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืงืžื ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืžืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืžืฆื™ืขื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ืจ"ืž ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื™ืชืขืœื” "ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื” ืื• ื›ืจื ื•ื›ื•'". ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืฉื™ ืžื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ื•ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืžื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ.
ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ืจืž"ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื™ืชืขืœื” "ื›ื™ ืชืฆื ืืฉ". ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืฉื™ ืžืงืžื.

ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื.
ื. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื™ื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื, ื›"ื— โ€“ ื›"ื‘, ื”'):

ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ื™ึดื’ึผึทื— ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืึถืช ืึดื™ืฉื ืื•ึน ืึถืช ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื•ึธืžึตืช ืกึธืงื•ึนืœ ื™ึดืกึผึธืงึตืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึธืจื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึทืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื ึธืงึดื™โ€ฆ
ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ื™ึดืคึฐืชึผึทื— ืึดื™ืฉื ื‘ึผื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดื›ึฐืจึถื” ืึดื™ืฉื ื‘ึผึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึฐื›ึทืกึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึธืคึทืœ ืฉืึธืžึผึธื” ืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ. ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื™ึธืฉืึดื™ื‘ ืœึดื‘ึฐืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึตืช ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึผื•ึนโ€ฆ
ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดื’ึฐื ึนื‘ ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ืฉื‚ึถื” ื•ึผื˜ึฐื‘ึธื—ื•ึน ืื•ึน ืžึฐื›ึธืจื•ึน ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึผืึธื” ื‘ึธืงึธืจ ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืฆึนืืŸ ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึถื”โ€ฆ
ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึทื‘ึฐืขึถืจ ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืื•ึน ื›ึถืจึถื ื•ึฐืฉืึดืœึผึทื— ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืขึดื™ืจื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึดืขึตืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐื“ึตื” ืึทื—ึตืจ ืžึตื™ื˜ึทื‘ ืฉื‚ึธื“ึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึผืžึตื™ื˜ึทื‘ ื›ึผึทืจึฐืžื•ึน ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื.
ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึตืฆึตื ืึตืฉื ื•ึผืžึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืงึนืฆึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึถืึฑื›ึทืœ ื’ึผึธื“ึดื™ืฉื ืื•ึน ื”ึทืงึผึธืžึธื” ืื•ึน ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืฉืึทืœึผึตื ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ื”ึทืžึผึทื‘ึฐืขึดืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืขึตืจึธื”.

ื”ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืกื™ื“ืจ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœืกื“ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”2.
ืงืฉื”, ืืคื•ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”3.
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœ' ื ื–ืงื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ):

ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื ื–ืงื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืจื˜ืŸ: ื. ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจ. ื‘. ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ืขืจ. ื’. ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ. ื“. ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ืขืจื”.

ื›ืืŸ ืžื ื” ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.
ื‘. ื›ืœืœ ืงื‘ืข ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช: "ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื—ืœืง ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžื”ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช". ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืขืฆืžื. ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช, "ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง", ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื™ืœืงื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื? ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืื‘ ื›ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”?
ื’. ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื: "ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจ", ืื• "ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจ", ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ. ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื•?
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช "ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸโ€ฆ" ื›ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื›ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืžืฉืจืฉื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ืงืืคื—):

ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืื™ืš ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื”โ€ฆ ื”ื—ืœืง ืืฉืจ ืคืจืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื•ื ื• ื™ืชืขืœื” ืœืกืงื•ืœ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸโ€ฆ ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ื•ื ื• ื™ืชืขืœื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื‘ืข ื‘ื’ื–ืœืŸ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื—ื•ืžืฉ, ื•ื‘ื’ื ื‘ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื ื‘โ€ฆ ื”ืจื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”โ€ฆ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื”โ€ฆ ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”โ€ฆ
ื•ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื’ื ื‘ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื ืฆื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”โ€ฆ

ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื.
ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืกื›ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช:

ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืงื“ื ื–ื›ืจืŸ, ืชืžืฆื ืžื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœื ืœื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืงืžืช ืžืœืš, ื•ื”ื›ืจืชืช ื–ืจืข ืขืžืœืง. ื•ืžื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืคืœื•ื ื™ ืื• ืื ืืจืข ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื•ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื‘, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื•ืœื ื™ืืจืข ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื’ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืืจื ื•, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™, ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื”, ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื ืขื ื™, ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื ื, ื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ื–ื•ืœืชื ืžืžื” ืฉืงื“ื ื–ื›ืจื•, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื”ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื•.

ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื4.
ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื™"ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื”5, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” "ืœื“ื•ืŸ" ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ.
ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช, ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืชื‘ (ืžืฆื•ื” ื "ื’ โ€“ "ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ"):

โ€ฆื•ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื“ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืงื• ืื• ื”ื•ื–ืงื•.

ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.
ื”ืจืก"ื’ ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื›ืœืœืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ (ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื™"ื˜-ื›"ื‘). ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืจื™"ืค ืคืขืจืœื ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• ืœืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช (ืื•ืช ื™"ื’):

โ€ฆื›ื™ ืืฃ ืืžื ื ื’ื“ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชืŸ. ื›ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืจืง ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืคืจืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ืโ€ฆ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืืžื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื ื–ืงื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื“ื, ื•ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจ, ื•ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื“ืโ€ฆ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื.

ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ืžืขืฆืžื•.
ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืžื ื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ืžืฆื•ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืฆื“ืง6.

ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ โ€“ ืžืœื•ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”
ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื•' ืข"ื‘) ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ืžืœื•ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ (ืฉื): "ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื ื–ืง ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืขื‘ื“ ืœื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื™ื”".
ืชื•ืก' ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืž"ื— ืข"ื):

ืžืœื•ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืงื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื–ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืื ืœื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื• ืชื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื•ื” ืขืœ ืคื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ "ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื˜", ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ืื™ื™ืจื™ ืขืœ ืคื”, ื“ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืชื• ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืฉืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ื”ื•.

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืœื•ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”7, ืฉื›ืกืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื”, ื•ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื•, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ื ืจืื”, ืืคื•ื, ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ, ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื” ืœื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืœื•ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืืฆืœื•, ื•ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•.
ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื•ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืœื•ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืง ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื”ืจื™ ืžืžื•ื ื• ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื. ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื ื–ืง, ืืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืžืœื•ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืžื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื‘ืžืœื•ื” โ€“ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ืœืฉืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืชื•, ืื•ืœื ื‘ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืฉืœื ืœื ื™ื–ืง, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช8.
ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง, ื•ืžืฆื“ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœืžืœื•ื”. ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง, ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื”ืื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื–ืง. ื ืจืื”, ืฉื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื, ืื• ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื•.

ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื
ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช (ืค"ื’ ืž"ื˜):

ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื•ื” ืžื ื” ืฉื ื’ื— ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื•ื” ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืœื” ื™ืคื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ.

ื”ื ื™ื–ืง ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื ื–ืง, ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ ืชื.
ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืœ"ื’ ืข"ื):

ืžืชื ื™ืชื™ืŸ ืžื ื™, ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื”ื™ื, ื“ืชื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ. ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื•ืžืจ: ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืจ. ื‘ืžืื™ ืงืžื™ืคืœื’ื™, ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื•ื–ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืžืกื™ืง ืœื™ื”, ื•ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ ื ื™ื ื”ื•, ื•ืงืžื™ืคืœื’ื™ ื‘ื”ืื™ ืงืจื: "ื•ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื—ืฆื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื•", ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืกื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ ื“ื™ื ื ืงืžื–ื”ืจ ืจื—ืžื ื, ื•ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืกื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื–ืง ื•ืžื–ื™ืง ืžื–ื”ืจ ืœื”ื• ืจื—ืžื ื.

ื ื—ืœืงื• ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื•ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”: "ื•ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื•ื—ืฆื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื•", ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืœืงื• ืืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ. ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืžื–ื™ืง ื•ืœื ื™ื–ืง. ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืœืžื•. ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง9. ืœืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื•.

ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืกืง ื›ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื (ืค"ื˜ ื”ื™"ื‘):

ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื ื’ื— ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื ื’ื— ืฉื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื•.

ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ (ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื–):

ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื ื ื–ืง ืฉืœื ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœืžื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื ื—ืฆื™ ื ื–ืง ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ ืงื ืก ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื—ืฆื™ ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื•.

ืœื ื”ืกืชืคืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ืฉืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฆื™ ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื ืก, ืืœื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื” ืžื—ื‘ื™ืจื•". ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ืžืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื ื›ืžืœื•ื” โ€“ ื›ื—ื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื” ื”ืžืฆึปื•ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื–ื™ืง, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.

ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื‘ืืจืช, ืฉืœื“ืขืช ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื "ืœื ื™ื–ืง ื•ืžื–ื™ืง ืžื–ื”ืจ ืœื”ื• ืจื—ืžื ื". ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื• ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ื–ืง, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื–ืง.
ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื ื–ืง ื”ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื•ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง, ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื–ืง10. ืืฃ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืจื›ื•ืฉื•, ื•ืื ืœื ืฉืžื•ืจ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืคื˜ื•ืจ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืŸ ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื‘ืืจืช, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื•ืžื“ื "ื‘ืžื” ื”ืฆื“", "ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ" (ื”' ืข"ื‘) โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœืื‘, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ืจ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื, ื‘ืืฉ ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื“ื ื™ื ืจืง ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื ื–ืง ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ืžื ื™ื ื›ืžืฆื•ื” ืื—ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืืฃ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื ื–ืง ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื•. ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง ื‘ื ื–ืง, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื ืงื‘ืข ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื–ืง, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืชืคื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ.
ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื, ื›"ื— โ€“ ื›"ื‘, ื”'):

ื ื–ืงื™ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื“ื: ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ื™ึดื’ึผึทื— ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืึถืช ืึดื™ืฉื ืื•ึน ืึถืช ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื•ึธืžึตืช ืกึธืงื•ึนืœ ื™ึดืกึผึธืงึตืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึตืึธื›ึตืœ ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืฉื‚ึธืจื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึทืขึทืœ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื ึธืงึดื™. ื•ึฐืึดื ืฉืื•ึนืจ ื ึทื’ึผึธื— ื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืชึผึฐืžึนืœ ืฉืึดืœึฐืฉืึนื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผืขึทื“ ื‘ึผึดื‘ึฐืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืจึถื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐื”ึตืžึดื™ืช ืึดื™ืฉื ืื•ึน ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื™ึดืกึผึธืงึตืœ ื•ึฐื’ึทื ื‘ึผึฐืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื™ื•ึผืžึธืช. ืึดื ื›ึผึนืคึถืจ ื™ื•ึผืฉืึทืช ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืŸ ืคึผึดื“ึฐื™ึนืŸ ื ึทืคึฐืฉืื•ึน ื›ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ื•ึผืฉืึทืช ืขึธืœึธื™ื•. ืื•ึน ื‘ึตืŸ ื™ึดื’ึผึธื— ืื•ึน ื‘ึทืช ื™ึดื’ึผึธื— ื›ึผึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื™ึตืขึธืฉื‚ึถื” ืœึผื•ึน. ืึดื ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื™ึดื’ึผึทื— ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ืึธืžึธื” ื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ืฉืึฐืœึนืฉืึดื™ื ืฉืึฐืงึธืœึดื™ื ื™ึดืชึผึตืŸ ืœึทืื“ึนื ึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื™ึดืกึผึธืงึตืœ.
ื ื–ืงื™ ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื”: ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ื™ึดืคึฐืชึผึทื— ืึดื™ืฉื ื‘ึผื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดื›ึฐืจึถื” ืึดื™ืฉื ื‘ึผึนืจ ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึฐื›ึทืกึผึถื ึผื•ึผ ื•ึฐื ึธืคึทืœ ืฉืึธืžึผึธื” ืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ. ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ื”ึทื‘ึผื•ึนืจ ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ื›ึผึถืกึถืฃ ื™ึธืฉืึดื™ื‘ ืœึดื‘ึฐืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึตืช ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึผื•ึน.
ื ื–ืงื™ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื”: ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ื™ึดื’ึผึนืฃ ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืึดื™ืฉื ืึถืช ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืจึตืขึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึธืžึตืช ื•ึผืžึธื›ึฐืจื•ึผ ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื”ึทื—ึทื™ ื•ึฐื—ึธืฆื•ึผ ืึถืช ื›ึผึทืกึฐืคึผื•ึน ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึตืช ื™ึถื—ึฑืฆื•ึผืŸ. ืื•ึน ื ื•ึนื“ึทืข ื›ึผึดื™ ืฉืื•ึนืจ ื ึทื’ึผึธื— ื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืชึผึฐืžื•ึนืœ ืฉืึดืœึฐืฉืึนื ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึดืฉืึฐืžึฐืจึถื ึผื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืขึธืœึธื™ื• ืฉืึทืœึผึตื ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐื”ึทืžึผึตืช ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึผื•ึน.
ื ื–ืงื™ ื’ื ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื”ืžื”: ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดื’ึฐื ึนื‘ ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉืื•ึนืจ ืื•ึน ืฉื‚ึถื” ื•ึผื˜ึฐื‘ึธื—ื•ึน ืื•ึน ืžึฐื›ึธืจื•ึน ื—ึฒืžึดืฉึผืึธื” ื‘ึธืงึธืจ ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ื•ึฐืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืข ืฆึนืืŸ ืชึผึทื—ึทืช ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึถื”. ืึดื ื‘ึผึทืžึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึถืจึถืช ื™ึดืžึผึธืฆึตื ื”ึทื’ึผึทื ึผึธื‘ ื•ึฐื”ึปื›ึผึธื” ื•ึธืžึตืช ืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ื“ึผึธืžึดื™ื. ืึดื ื–ึธืจึฐื—ึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึถืžึถืฉื ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื“ึผึธืžึดื™ื ืœื•ึน ืฉืึทืœึผึตื ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ืึดื ืึตื™ืŸ ืœื•ึน ื•ึฐื ึดืžึฐื›ึผึทืจ ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐื ึตื‘ึธืชื•ึน. ืึดื ื”ึดืžึผึธืฆึตื ืชึดืžึผึธืฆึตื ื‘ึฐื™ึธื“ื•ึน ื”ึทื’ึผึฐื ึตื‘ึธื” ืžึดืฉึผืื•ึนืจ ืขึทื“ ื—ึฒืžื•ึนืจ ืขึทื“ ืฉื‚ึถื” ื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึฐื ึทื™ึดื ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื.
ื ื–ืงื™ ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืžื—: ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึทื‘ึฐืขึถืจ ืึดื™ืฉื ืฉื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืื•ึน ื›ึถืจึถื ื•ึฐืฉืึดืœึผึทื— ืึถืช ื‘ึผึฐืขึดื™ืจื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึดืขึตืจ ื‘ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐื“ึตื” ืึทื—ึตืจ ืžึตื™ื˜ึทื‘ ืฉื‚ึธื“ึตื”ื•ึผ ื•ึผืžึตื™ื˜ึทื‘ ื›ึผึทืจึฐืžื•ึน ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื.
ื ื–ืงื™ ืืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืžื—: ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึตืฆึตื ืึตืฉื ื•ึผืžึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืงึนืฆึดื™ื ื•ึฐื ึถืึฑื›ึทืœ ื’ึผึธื“ึดื™ืฉื ืื•ึน ื”ึทืงึผึธืžึธื” ืื•ึน ื”ึทืฉึผื‚ึธื“ึถื” ืฉืึทืœึผึตื ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ื”ึทืžึผึทื‘ึฐืขึดืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทื‘ึผึฐืขึตืจึธื”.

ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžืœืžื“, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื•ืžื— (ื•ื”ื“ื•ืžื: ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืฉ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื, ื”ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื•ืง: "ื›ื™ ื™ืชืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืื• ื›ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžึนืจ").
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ื“ืจืฉืช ื—ื–"ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ืจ (ื "ื’ ืข"ื‘): "ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืื“ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื›ืœื™ื", ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืœื‘ื”ืžื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืœืื“ื ืื• ืœื›ืœื™ื. ื˜ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื ื–ืง ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืจื ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ("ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ืœื ื–ืง"), ืืš ื‘ื›ืœื™ื โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื, ื•ื ืคื™ืœืชื ืœื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง. ืืฃ ืื“ื, ื ืคื™ืœืชื• ืœื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ. ืจืง ื‘ื”ืžื”, ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžืขืฆืžื” ืืš ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ืจ โ€“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืง. ื‘ื ื–ืง ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฉื•ืชืคื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื–ืง, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง11 (ืฉื›ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื).

ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื™ื“ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืกื™ื“ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”: ืฉื•ืจ, ืžื‘ืขื”, ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืฉ.
ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืžื ื™ื™ื ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืื ืจืื•ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ื•ืช ื›ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืžื”ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื“ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”.
ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื ื–ืง ืœืื“ื, ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ โ€“ ื ื–ืง ืœืžืžื•ืŸ โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืกื™ื“ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”12. ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช "ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจ" ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื "ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉืงื•"13 โ€“ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ื•ื”ื ื™ื–ืง, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง, ื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง. ืกื“ืจ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื›ืกื“ืจ "ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช" (ืฉื‘ืช ืœ"ื ืข"ื), ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืืช ื”ื ืคื’ืข.
ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื“ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ (ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื ื–ืง), ื•ืœื›ืŸ "ืฉื•ืจ" ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจืŸ, ื•"ืžื‘ืขื”" ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืŸ ื•ืจื’ืœ ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ื•ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.

 

 

1 ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื‘ืŸ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžื”ื“' ืคืจื ืงืœ. ื”ืจื‘ ืงืืคื— ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืชืจื’ื ื›ืš: "ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจโ€ฆ", ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื.
2 ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ (ืž"ืข ื™"ื‘-ื™"ื’) ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ ืœืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืง ืื•ืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•', ื—'): "ื•ึผืงึฐืฉืึทืจึฐืชึผึธื ืœึฐืื•ึนืช ืขึทืœ ื™ึธื“ึถืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึฐื˜ึนื˜ึธืคึนืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืŸ ืขึตื™ื ึถื™ืšึธ", ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื ื” ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืฆื•ืช ืฆื™ืฆื™ืช (ืž"ืข ื™"ื“) ืœืคื ื™ ืžื–ื•ื–ื” (ืž"ืข ื˜"ื•), ืืฃ ืฉืžื–ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ.
3 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื–ื”, ื•ืขื™' ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
4 ืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื ื‘, ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื•, ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
5 ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
6 ืฉื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื”ืจื™"ืค ืคืขืจืœื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
7 ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ (ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™"ื’ ืข"ื‘) ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืชื•ืก' ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื˜: "ืžืœื•ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืคื™' ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื–ืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื ืชื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืื ืœื ืฉื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื•ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื” ืœื• ืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืฉื˜ืจ, ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ 'ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ื ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื•', ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื“ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจื•ืข". ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื–ืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื”ืจื™ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื™ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื?! ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืก' ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” (ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื) ื”ืื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื• ืขื•ื ืฉ. ื”ืชื•ืก' ื‘ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื ื–ืงื™ื•, ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื–ื™ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืก' ื›ื™ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ืฉ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื‘ืจื.
8 ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืœืœ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื’ืจื. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื—ืจ, ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืงื ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื”ืœ' ื ื–ืงื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืค"ื— ื”"ื”): "ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื’ื— ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื›ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ ืคื˜ื•ืจ, ืœืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื‘ื”ืžืชื• ืฉื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืจื™ ืื ื• ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸโ€ฆ". ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจืื‘"ื“: "ื"ื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ื•ื ืคืจืขื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื•". ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืœืžื–ื™ืง ืื™ื ื ื• ืชืฉืœื•ื ืืœื ืขื•ื ืฉ ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
9 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืงื ืก, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืœื ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง, ื”ืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขื™' ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืฉืขืจ ื–' ืค' ื›"ื, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื›ื— ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืงื ืกื•ืช.
10 ืื“ื ืฉืฉื—ืจืจ ืฉื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื ื ื’ืจื ื›ืœ ื ื–ืง, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชืฉืœื•ื, ืืฃ ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจืฉืœื ื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ ืฉืฉื›ื— ืœื ืขื•ืœ ืืช ื“ืœืช ื”ืจืคืช ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื™ืฆื ืขื’ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืคืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ืง. ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืง, ืืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื™ื–ืง.
11 ืืฃ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืชื‘ืืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืฉืŸ ืคื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ืงืจืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื”ืžื”. ืืฉ ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืฆื•ืžื—, ื•ื–ื”ื• "ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”". ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืืฉ ืœืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืคื˜ื•ืจื”, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืกื›ืกื›ื” ืื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
12 ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืกื™ื“ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ื–ืง.
13 ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœ' ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืค"ื‘ ื”"ื–, ื‘ืชืืจื• ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ: "ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ 'ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ืœ' ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืœื‘ ืืžื™ืฅ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขืฉื•ืง ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืฉืงื•, ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ื•ื™ืงื ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ื•ืฉื™ืขืŸ'"โ€ฆ

 

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *