ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

"ื ื’ืข ื”ื ืชืง" ืื• "ืฆืจ(ืข)ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช"

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ืืณ ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืณืชืฉืกืดื“
 
22/04/2004

"ื ื’ืข ื”ื ืชืง" ืื• "ืฆืจ(ืข)ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช"

ืื—ื“ ืžื ื’ืขื™ ื”ืฆืจืขืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื’ืข ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉ, ื”ื ืงืจื "ื ืชืง". ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ1 ืžื‘ืืจ ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ื’ืข ื–ื”2:

ืฉื”ืจืืฉ ืื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื˜ืžืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ื ื’ืขื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืžืจื˜ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขื™ืงืจื•, ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื—ืœืง ื•ืคื ื•ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืขืจ, ื•ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืชื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื“ืง, ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื’ืข ื”ื˜ืžื ื•ืœื›ืš ื ืงืจื ื ืชืง, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืง ืžืฉื ื”ืฉืขืจ, ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื–"ืœ (ืจืฉ"ื™), ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ื ืชื•ืง ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ื’ืจื™ืก ื•ืื—ืจ ื ืชื•ืง ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืœื“ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื, ืื ื ื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืง ื”ืœืงื•ื™ื™, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืœื ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื ืชื•ืง.

ื ืชื•ืง ื”ืฉืขืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื ื’ืข, ื•ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ืชืง ื”ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื’ืข. ื”ื ืชืง ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ืข, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื’ืข.
ื‘ื—ื–"ืœ3 ืžื•ื‘ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื’ืข ื–ื”, ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืืœื™ื ื•. ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ "ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”"4, ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืจื“ ืžื ื›ืกื™ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืฆืืช ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืœืฉื ืคืจื ืกื”:

โ€ฆื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœืืฉืชื• ื”ื ื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื™ ื•ืžืื•ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื“ืš ืฉืชื–ื›ืจื ื™ ื‘ื•, ืืš ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืง ืœื™ ื”' ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ื ื’ืขื™ื ืืœืžื“ืš. ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฆื“ืง ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืข ืœื ื’ืข, ื•ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืกืคื—ืช ื•ืœื‘ื”ืจืช ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืชืง, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื” ื“ืขื™ ืื™ืคื” ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจ ื•ืฉืขืจ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื•ืžื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื”ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช. ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืฉื•ืžืขื” ื•ืชืขืŸ ื•ืชืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืœื ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืื–ื ื™ืš ืžื” ืฉืคื™ืš ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืœื ืœืฉืขืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืขืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืคืš ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืœืชืช ืœื• ืžื—ื™ื™ืชื•, ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคืš ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœืš ื•ืขื“ ืงื“ืงื“ืš ืฉื™ืฉืœื— ื”' ืืช ืžื—ื™ื™ืชืš, ื•ืœื ืชืฆื ืžืืจืฆื• ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ื”' ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœื›ืœืš, ื•ื™ืขืฉ ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื ื—ืกืจ ืœื•.

ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื ื’ืขื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื”, ืฉืœื›ืœ ืฉืขืจื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื’ืขื™ื. ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื” ืืช ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ืคืจื ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืžื›ื— ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืข โ€“ ืืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืคืข. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ืœืขื•ืœื โ€“ ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืคืจื ืกื”. ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืคืจื ืกื” ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืžืขื ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ โ€“ ื•ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืœืชืงืŸ.
ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™, ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืคืข ื‘ืจื›ื”.
ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆืจืขืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืžื™ืชืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ5.
ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื“ื, ืฉืจืง ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืœื”' ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืคืข ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืื“ื.
ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื›ื•ืœื•. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžืงื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืœ ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื.

ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืชืง, ื‘ืœื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช.
ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช-ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืœื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”' ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื• โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช6.
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื•ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืจืื•ื™. ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ โ€“ ื•ืžืžื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืฉืคืข ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืขื ื•ืœืืจืฅ.
ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฆื• ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืœืš ืืœื•ืงื™ ืฉื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•. ืžื”ืœืš ืืœื•ืงื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ โ€“ ืœื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื. ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืœืžื“ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื—ืœืงื• ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืชื• ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขื“. ืื•ืœื, ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืžืžื ื• โ€“ ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื ืชืฆืœื—. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืชื—ืชื™ื, ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื” ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื, ืื—ืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื ืชืง ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืžืงื•ืจื• ื•ืžืื—ื™ื–ืชื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื ื’ืข ื”ื ืชืง, ื ืงืจื ืื ื• ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื”ื•ืชื•, ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื•, ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ โ€“ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืœื•ืงื™ื•. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื” โ€“ ื™ื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื’ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื’ืื•ืœืชื•.
ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืงืฉื™ื ื”ื ืžื—ื“, ืืš ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ื“ืš. ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจืกืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืฉืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืคื™ื”ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืฉืชื™ ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ", ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืžืกื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืื ื ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ื ืจืคื ืืช ื”ืขื ืžื ื’ืข ืฆืจืขืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช, ื•ื ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•, ืืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”.


1 ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจืฉ"ื™, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ.
2 ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื’, ื›"ื˜.
3 ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื˜"ื•, ื’'.
4 ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›"ื—.
5 ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ (ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืฆื•, ื™"ื’): "ืžืฆื•ืจืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžืช".
6 ืขื™' ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ืžื•ืกืจ "ืžื™ ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ" ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืืชืจ.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *