ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื‘ืณ ื‘ื›ืกืœื• ื”ืณืชืฉืกืดื“
 
27/11/2003

ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ

ื”ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื ื“ื”ื•ื” ื—ืกื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืื‘ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ื—ืžืจื ื˜ื•ื‘ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื”ื•ื” ื ืคื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืงื ืืชื• ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ืŸ ื™ืชื™ื” ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจื™ืŸ, ื•ืฆื•ื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื•ื™ ื—ื–ื• ืฉื™ื›ืจื (=ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกื™ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื‘ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•: "ืจืื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ"), ื•ื›ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื ื• ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืื‘ื ืื ื™ ืืฉื’ืจ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืชืš ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ืชืœืš ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืจืคื” ืžืžื ื™ ื•ืžืžืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ื›ืŸ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ืฉืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉืœื ื™ืœืš ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืื›ืœ ื•ืžืฉืชื” ื•ืžื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžื˜ืชื• ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื•. ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ืง ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืคืœื”, ื•ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ืืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ (=ื‘ื•ืฅ) ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ื•. ื›ืฉืจืื” ื–ื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืืœืš ืœืื‘ื ื•ืื‘ื™ืื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ, ื•ืืจืื” ืœื• ื–ื” ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืจืคื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ืขืจื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืžื ืข ืคื™ื• ืžืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืจ. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ื”ืจืื”ื• ืœื•. ืžื” ืขืฉื” ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ, ื”ืœืš ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื›ื•ืจ ื•ืฉืืœ ืœื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื›ืจ ื‘ื•. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื ื• ื”ื—ืกื™ื“, ืื‘ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจืืชื™ืš, ืืœื ืฉืชืจืื” ื”ื—ืจืคื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื–ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืš ื‘ืขืช ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืชื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืชืžื ืข ืคื™ืš ืžืœืฉืชื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ื ื™, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืขื ื•ื’ ื•ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืืœื ื–ื”. ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ื”ืœืš ืœื• ื‘ืžืคื— ื ืคืฉ1.

ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ:
ื. ืžื” ืื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื•? ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”"ืคื•ืกื˜ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช" ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืžืจืช: ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืจืข? ื”ืื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•: "ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืืœื ื–ื”", ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื–ื”, ืœื™ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ, ื›ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื” ืจืข. ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื›ืจื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข, ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื‘ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื”. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื•ืœื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉืœื• ืืœื ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ืกื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื•.
ื‘. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืงืฆื”, ื•ืœื’ืžื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืฉืชื™ื” ืฉืœื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืžื•ืขื˜ โ€“ ืชืฉืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืืœ ืชื‘ื–ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื•ืื•ืชื™. ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืœื ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•.

ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื ืขื•ืฅ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘, ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ.
ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”?
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืคืจืง ื—ืœืง, ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื›ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื, ืืฃ ืื ื”ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืฉื˜ื.
ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื, ื•ืจืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื ืœื•ืขื’ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื–ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
ื”ื›ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืฉื• ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžืฉืœ, ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ืžืฉืœ ืืœื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื.
ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื2:

ื•ืื ืืชื” ื”ืงื•ืจื ืžืื—ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ ื›ืชื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืœ ืชืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืื™ื ืœืš ืžืžื ื• ืžืื•ืžื”, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืืœื ืฉื™ื–ื™ืง ืœืš ื•ืชืฉื ืื”ื•, ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืจื’ืœ ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื”ืœื ืจืง ื™ื–ื™ืงื•ื”ื• ื•ื™ืฉื ืื, ื”ื ืš ืจื•ืื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืœื• ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืฆืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื•ื: "ื•ื ืคืฉื ื• ืงืฆื” ื‘ืœื—ื ื”ืงืœืงืœ".

ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืžื“ืžื” ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆืœื™ื, ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื•3: "ื•ื˜ืขืžื• ื›ืฆืคื™ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ".
ืžื”ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื? "ื•ื ืคืฉื ื• ืงืฆื” ื‘ืœื—ื ื”ืงืœื•ืงืœ"4. ืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืœื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฆืคื™ื—ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืฉ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื• ื›ืœื—ื ืงืœื•ืงืœ.
ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื ืจืื” ืœื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื“ื ืœื ื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœื˜ืขื•ื ืื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื•. ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื”, ืื•ืคื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ื”ื’ ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ.
ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืืช ืชืจื™"ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ5:

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืกืคืจื“, ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืฆื™ืจื™ ืขืœื™ ืžื—ืžืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื•. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืืฉื™ืžื ื›ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืคื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื•ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ืžืฆื“ ืืžื ื•ืชื, ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืคื™ ื”ื—ืจื™ื–ื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืฉื• ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืจื•ื– ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื•ืœืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžื ื•ื™ (=ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ) ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ื™ (=ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ) ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืชื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงืจืื”ื• ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืคืš ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืคืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ื ื™, ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื–ื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืžื™ืชืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื—ื ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•, ืืœื ื‘ื”ืชืืžืชื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ ืฉืงื“ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ.

ืื“ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ืชืจื™"ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช, ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ืขื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืžื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง, ืืœื ื”ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฆื•ื“ืง ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•.
ื”ืœืฆื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื—ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืœืžื”ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื. ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•ืœ, ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืœื™ื‘ื• ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื•. ื‘ื ืืœ ืจื‘ื•, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื“ืจืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘: "ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืจืžื•ืช ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืœื™ ื•ืืชืŸ ืœืš ื“ืจืš ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”". ื›ืš ืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆื”: ื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื›ื™ ืœื—ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืชืข ื˜ืขื ืžื•ื–ืจโ€ฆ
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืžื”ื•ืœ, ืœื—ืœื‘ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืžื•ื–ืจโ€ฆ ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืืžื•ื ื”, ืื“ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ื•ื›ื“ื•' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืืžืช ื”ื ืงื™ื”, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” โ€“ ื™ืจืื• ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื›ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•.

ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืจื›ื• ื•ืœื˜ื‘ืขื•.
ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ืกื“, ืฉื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•. ืื•ืœื, ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœืฉืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช6 "ื’ืจืฉ ื”ืืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื”", ื ื“ืจืฉ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื˜ื‘ืขื•. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื”ืœื•, ื’ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื–ื”ื• ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœืื‘ืจื”ื.
ื›ืš ื’ื ืขืงื™ื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง. ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ื•ืžืœ ื”ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขืงื•ื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื•ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ.
ืื™ืฉ ื—ืกื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•. ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช, ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื—ืกื“ ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื’ืœื•.
ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืื•ืคื™ื•, ืื ื–ื• ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”7. ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื›ื“ื•', ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ื ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืจื’ื™ืœื•ืชื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš. ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš, ืื• ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื ืฉืืจืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ื”ื™ืฉื ื”.
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืœ ืœืื“ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจ ื•ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉื‘. ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื, ืืฃ ืื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื˜ืขื•. ืื•ืœื, ื’ื ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ื ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ "ื˜ืขื™ืชื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™", ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ, ื•ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืจืฅ ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•.

ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ: ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžืจื ื•ืช.
ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื. ืžื ื’ื“, ื™ืฉื ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื.
ืื“ื ื—ื“ืฉืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื›ื“ื•', ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืจืŸ, ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืชื, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื–"ืœ, ืฉื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื”.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืคืš. ืื“ื ืฉืžืจืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื•, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื›ื•ื ื”. ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื•ืฉื ืœื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ โ€“ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื•.
ืžื‘ื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžืจ, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื“ืฉ.


1 ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืฉืžื™ื ื™, ื™"ื.
2 ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืจ' ืงืืคื— ื–ืฆ"ืœ.
3 ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜"ื–, ืœ"ื.
4 ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›"ื, ื”'.
5 ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืจ' ืงืคืื— ื–ืฆ"ืœ.
6 ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื, ื™'.
7 ืขื™' ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืœืจ' ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืช ื›"ื—.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *