ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื›ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื—ืณ ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืณืชืฉืกืดื’
 
14/10/2002

ื›ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขื

ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื1:

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœืื‘ืจื ื™ื“ืข ืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ื’ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ืœื”ื ื•ืขื‘ื“ื•ื ื•ืขื ื• ืืชื ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”. ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื“ืŸ ืื ื›ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช "ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ", ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”: ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืื‘ืจื”ื, ื›ื™ ื–ืจืขื• ื™ืฆื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืชืขืฆืžืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื ื”, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”' ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืœืžืฉื” ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืœืช ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื ืืžืจ2:

ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืืช ื—ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืชืœื›ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชืœื›ื• ืจื™ืงื. ื•ืฉืืœื” ืืฉื” ืžืฉื›ื ืชื” ื•ืžื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืฉืžืœืช ื•ืฉืžืชื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ืชื™ื›ื ื•ื ืฆืœืชื ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื.

ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”' ืขืœ ืžื›ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช3:

ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื•ื™ืฉืืœื• ืื™ืฉ ืžืืช ืจืขื”ื• ื•ืืฉื” ืžืืช ืจืขื•ืชื” ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘.

ืžื“ื•ืข ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื ื ืกื” ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ4:

ืฆื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ืื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื—ื“ืชื”, ืื• ืฉืžืขืงื‘ ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืจื–ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืคืขื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื ื ืขืจืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื ืชืฉืชืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืื‘ืœ ื ืชืงืœืงืœื• ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื— ื”ืื“ื ืฉืงืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืงืœืงืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื” ื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืฉืฆื™ืจืคื” ืืช ืฆื“ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื“ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืช ื ืชื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ ืขืงื‘ ื›ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช-ืืœื•ืงื™ืช. ืืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืจื“, ื•ืขื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืžืงืœืงืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื™ืจื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื โ€“ ืœื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš โ€“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉื›ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืงื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื•ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื“ืข ื”ืื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”?
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ โ€“ ื”ื•ืจืก: "ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืงืœืงืœ ืื•ืชื•".
ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื โ€“ ื’ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืงืœื˜ ืืœ ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื•ืžืชืขืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื™ืžื”.
ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”? ืœื–ืจืข ื”ื ื–ืจืข ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื•ื ืจืงื‘, ื•ื›ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขืฅ โ€“ ื”ืจื™ื”ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ ืืœ ืชื•ื›ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืชื•. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืœื ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืขืœื”.
ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืื•ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื•, ื•ืœื ืœืจื“ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืชื•.
ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืชืจื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื”' ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคืœื’ื• ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื ืืช ืฉื ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•, ื•ื”' ื›ื•ืจืช ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื”' ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื•ืš, ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื ื” ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื”' ืœืื‘ืจื”ื, ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืชื•ืš โ€“ ื™ืฆื ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื ื” ืขื ืฉืžื”ื•ืชื• ื•ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืชื• ืœื’ื‘ื•ื”.

ื›ืฉื ืฉื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื”, ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ืื“ื. ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืคื™, ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืื“ื ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•. ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžื˜ืจืชื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืขืœืชื•.
ืื•ืœื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื ื” ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ โ€“ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•' โ€“ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืžืžื• ืื•ืชื•: "ื”ื ื•ื™โ€ฆ ื ืื” ืœืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื"5.


1 ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื’-ื™"ื“.
2 ืฉืžื•ืช ื’', ื›"ื-ื›"ื‘.
3 ืฉืžื•ืช ื™"ื, ื‘'.
4 ืื•ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”', ื—' (ืขืž' ืงื "ื”).
5 ืื‘ื•ืช ื•', ื—'.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *