ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ โ€“ ืคืกืงื” ื‘1

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืณืชืฉืกืดื”
 
25/05/2005

ืงื”ืœืช ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื‘' ืคืกื•ืง ื‘', "ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืืžืจืชื™ ืžื”ื•ืœืœ", ื' 1

"ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืืžืจืชื™ ืžื”ื•ืœืœ", ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื›ื”ื ื ืžื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงืจืงืกื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืชื™ืืจื˜ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, "ื•ืœืฉืžื—ื” ืžื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื”", ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืฉื.

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ
"ืœึดืฉื‚ึฐื—ื•ึนืง ืึธืžึทืจึฐืชึผึดื™ ืžึฐื”ื•ึนืœึธืœ ื•ึผืœึฐืฉื‚ึดืžึฐื—ึธื” ืžึทื” ื–ึผึนื” ืขึนืฉื‚ึธื”". "ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืืžืจืชื™ ืžื”ื•ืœืœ", ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ื‘ืจ ื›ื”ื ื: ืžื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืงืจืงืกื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืชื™ืืจื˜ื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื“ืจืฉ "ืžื”ื•ืœืœ" ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืจืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. "ื•ืœืฉืžื—ื” ืžื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉื”", ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืฉื โ€“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ื”ืฉืžื— ื‘ืฉืžื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” (ืžื”ืจื–"ื•), ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืงืจืงืกืื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจืื•ืช.

ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ: ื. ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง โ€“ ืžื™ืชื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืง ื›ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคื’ื•ื.

ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืžื”ื•ืœืœ" ื ื“ืจืฉืช (ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืจืฉืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜) ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ: "ืžื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง".
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื” โ€“ ืžื”ื• ืฉื—ื•ืง "ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘", ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘.
ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœืœื•.

ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง
ืžื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืœืขื•ืœื? ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื–ื•?
ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื: "ืžื™ืชื•ืง ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ"1.
ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ืงื•ื ื” ืืช ืžืขืœืชื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื‘ื™ื’ื™ืขืชื•. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืžืฆื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ืื•ืจื•, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•. ืื ืขืžืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืงื ื” ืžืขืœื” โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื•ืื ื—ื˜ื โ€“ ื ืขื ืฉ, ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื•.
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื‘ืœื ืžื™ืชื•ืง. ืื•ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืš, "ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื‘"2.
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืžืชืง ื•ืœื‘ืกื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, "ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกื, ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืง, ืฉื‘ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืชื•ืงืฃ ื”ืชืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”โ€ฆ"3.
ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืกื“, ื•ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœื ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื•.
ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช, "ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ". ืžื™ืชื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช, ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื.
ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ื™ื ื•, ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืžื‘ื˜ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•. ืžื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, "ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง"4. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœื‘ื“ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื—ื•ืง. ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•. ื›ืš ืžื‘ืืจ ื”ืฉืคืช ืืžืช5:

ืฉื”ืจื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืฆืจืš ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืฉืขืœ ืฉื ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืืžืจื” ืฉืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” "ืฆื—ื•ืง ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืืœืงื™ื", ื”ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ืงื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ืœื”ืคื›ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช. ื•ื”ื™' ื”ื›ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื™ื“ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืฉืœื ื”ื™' ื‘ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื—ื™' ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ืงืจื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืž"ืฉ ื‘ื–ื•ื”"ืง.

ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืฉื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ ืขื ื”ืจืข, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืจืข.
ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ โ€“ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืžื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืชืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•.
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืฉืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœืฉืžื• ื ื‘ืจื. ืคืจื™ืฆืช ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืกื•ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ืข, ื”ืจื’ ื•ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืžืฉืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”? ืœืื›ื™ืœื”. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื‘ืจื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœืจื•ืžื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืืœ ืงืจื‘ื•.
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘ ืœืื“ื.
ื”ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื’ืžื™ื. ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืืช ืžื–ื•ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” โ€“ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื•ืคื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”6.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง. ื. ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืชืงื”, ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™. ื‘. ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื•ืง ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ืœืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืฉื—ื•ืง ืฉืœื™ืœื™.


1 ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื" (ืขืž' ืชืงืœ"ื—): "ื˜ืขื ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื ืคื™ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื—"ื• ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ื ืžืชืง".
2 ืจืžื—"ืœ, ืงืœ"ื— ืคืชื—ื™ ื—ื›ืžื”, ืคืชื— ืง"ืœ.
3 ืจืžื—"ืœ, ืฉื.
4 ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ"ื, ืž"ื‘.
5 ื•ื™ืจื ืฉื ืช ืชืจื "ื‘.
6 ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ (ืคืจืฉื” ื'), ืœืคืกื•ืง "ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื’ืขื™ื", ื‘'.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *