ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ โ€“ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ

ืขืจืš: ื™ืขืงื‘ ืงื•ืคืœ.
ื”ืจื‘ ืžื ืฉื” ื•ื™ื ืจ
ื™ืดื‘ ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืณืชืฉืกืดื”
 
19/06/2005

ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ

ืงืžืฆื ื•ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื

ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ื ื”: โ€“ ื ื•.) ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืžืฆื ื•ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ "ืืฉืจื™ ืื“ื ืžืคื—ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ืžืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื• ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืขื”" (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›"ื—, ื™"ื“)? ืืงืžืฆื ื•ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ืโ€ฆ ื“ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื ื“ืจื—ืžื™ื” (= ืื•ื”ื‘ื•) ืงืžืฆื ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื‘ื™ื” (= ื•ืฉื•ื ืื•) ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื, ืขื‘ื“ ืกืขื•ื“ืชื. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืœืฉืžืขื™ื” (ืœืฉืžืฉื•) ื–ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ ืงืžืฆื, ืื–ืœ ืื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื.
ืืชื ืืฉื›ื—ื™ื” ื“ื”ื•ื” ื™ืชื™ื‘ (ืžืฆืื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื”) ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืžื›ื“ื™ 'ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื' (ืืชื”) ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื‘ื ื“'ื”ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ืจื' ื”ื•ื (ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืืชื” ืฉื•ื ื ืฉืœื™) ืžืื™ ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื›ื? ืงื•ื ืคื•ืง! (ืงื•ื ืฆื) ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืืชืื™ ืฉื‘ืงืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื‘ื ื ืœืš ื“ืžื™ ืžื” ื“ืื›ื™ืœื ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื ื (ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื’ืขืชื™, ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื•ืืชืŸ ืœืš ื“ืžื™ ืžื” ืฉื•ื›ืœ ื•ืืฉืชื”).
ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืœื! ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื™ื”ื™ื‘ื ื ืœืš ื“ืžื™ ืคืœื’ื ื“ืกืขื•ื“ืชื™ืš (ืืชืŸ ืœืš ื“ืžื™ ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืกืขื•ื“ื”) ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืœื! ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ื™ื”ื™ื‘ื ื ืœืš ื“ืžื™ ื›ื•ืœื” ืกืขื•ื“ืชื™ืš (ื“ืžื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”). ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืœื.
ื ืงื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ืื•ืงืžื™ื” ื•ืืคืงื™ื” (ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื•). ืืžืจ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื• ื™ืชื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื•ืœื ืžื—ื• ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ืงื ื ื™ื—ื ืœื”ื•, ืื™ื–ื™ืœ 'ืื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื• ืงื•ืจืฆื ื‘ื™ ืžืœื›ื' (ืืœืš ืืœืฉื™ืŸ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช). ืื–ืœ, ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืœืงื™ืกืจ: ืžืจื“ื• ื‘ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ืื™. ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืžื™ ื™ื™ืžืจ? (ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื) ืืžืจ ืœื™ื”: ืฉื“ืจ (ืฉืœื—) ืœื”ื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื, ื—ื–ื™ืช ืื™ ืžืงืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื”. ืื–ืœ ืฉื“ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ืขื’ืœื ืชืœืชื.
ื‘ื”ื“ื™ ื“ืงืืชื™ ืฉื“ื ื‘ื™ื” ืžื•ืžื (ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ื” ืžื•ื) ื‘ื ื™ื‘ ืฉืคืชื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ ืœื” ื‘ื“ื•ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืŸ (ื‘ืขืคืขืคื™ื™ื), ื“ื•ื›ืชื (ืžืงื•ื( ื“ืœื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื” ืžื•ืžื ื•ืœื“ื™ื“ื”ื• (ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื) ืœืื• ืžื•ืžื ื”ื•ื.
ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื” (ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื•) ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื•ื ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืงื•ืœืก: ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื–ื‘ื—! ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืงื˜ืœื™ื” ื“ืœื ืœื™ื–ื™ืœ ื•ืœื™ืžื, ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื”: ื™ืืžืจื• ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืžื•ื ื‘ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ืจื’!
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ: ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืงื•ืœืก ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ืฉืจืคื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ืœื ื• ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืชื ื• ืžืืจืฆื ื•โ€ฆ

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืžืฆื ื•ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ืชื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื ื•. ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื›ืขืช ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื:

ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคื•ืชื— ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืžืฆื ื•ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ื ื—ืจื‘ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžื™ืžืจื ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื“ื•ืงื ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืงื•ืœืก ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื•ืขืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ืžื—ื• ื‘ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฉ.
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืขืจ, ืื™ ื”ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื ื’ืจืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ?

ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื‘ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—?

ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืงื•ืœืก, ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืขื ื•ื•ื”. ืื ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืคืกื•ืง ื•ืื– ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” 'ืื™ื ื™ ืจืื•ื™' โ€“ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืขื ื•ื•ื”. ืื•ืœื, ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื ื• ืืœ ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื ืžืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืžืจ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ? ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื—ืจืฆืช, ื•ืืฃ ื ืจืื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื•!

ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ืฉืจ ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ื’ืžืจื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกืชืคืงืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื ื™ื—ื, ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ืจืจ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ. ืœืฉื ืžื” ืคืจื˜ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘? ืžื” ื’ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ื ื”ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.

ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช

ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืฉื™ืื™ืจ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืกืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืงืจื‘ื”. ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืขื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื‘ืข ืžื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื–ื” ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื›ื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืคืกื•ืง ืจืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช, ื”ืื ืžื•ื ืฉื›ื–ื” ืคื•ืกืœ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ.
ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื™ืฆื ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ื•ืจื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื.
ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” (ืžื˜:) ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื ื•ื”:

ืžืฉืžืช ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื” ืขื ื•ื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ื—ื˜ื โ€“ ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืชื ื: ืœื ืชื™ืชื ื™ ืขื ื•ื” ื“ืื™ื›ื ืื ืโ€ฆ

ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืชืžื•ื” ืฉืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืกื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืขื ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช.
ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื’ืจ"ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืœืœ ืืช ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืจื ื‘ืฉื "ืื ื"1. ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜.
ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ืื™ ื”ื›ืจืช ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžืš. ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืš. ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื“ื•ืงื ืืœื™ื• ื”' ืžืกืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ืœื›ืŸ, ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื•. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืžืขืžื“ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื–ื•ื”ืชื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื›ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืคืกื•ืœื”.

ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืจืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ืงืžืฆื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื’ืขืชื. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืจืขื™ื ื”ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืฉื ืงืžืฆื = ืงื•ืžืฅ. ื‘ืงืžื™ืฆื”, ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ื•ื“ืง ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืื•ืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื•ืคื ื” ื”ืื’ืจื•ืฃ. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ืžื ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉืืจ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื“ื ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ื–ืืช.
ื”ืกืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช. ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื“ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืขืœื‘ ืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืจืฅ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื›ื–ื•. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื˜ื• ืืฆืœื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื”ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ืื•ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.

ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ืŸ (ืกื’:) ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืฉื "ื—ืกื™ื“ื”"

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื” ื–ื• 'ื“ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื”'. ืœืžื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื” ื—ืกื™ื“ื”? ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”.

ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื—ืกื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื˜ืžืื” ืžืขืจืขืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื•. ื“ื•ืงื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืกื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคืกื•ืœ. ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืืช ื—ื™ื ื ื•ื›ื™ืชืชื™ื•ืช.

ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ

ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืกื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช:

ื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ืจ ืคืคื ื•ืื™ืชื™ืžื ืจื‘ ืฉืžืœืื™: ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืชื•ืจื” [ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื•] ื‘ื—ื™ืงื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื” ื™ื‘ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื›ืจื•. ืžื™ื“ ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ( = ื”ืจื™ ืžื™ ืœืžื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืื ืœื ื”ื?)โ€ฆ [ืžื™ื“] ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื™ ืชื—ืœื”โ€ฆ ืืฃ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืื™ ืขืกืงืชื? ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•: ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืชืงื ื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.
ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืชืงื ืชื ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื—ืฆืื•ืช ืœืขื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ "ืœื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืื ื”' ืฆื‘ืื•ืช" ื›ืœื•ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ื ืžื’ื™ื“ ื–ืืช?

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• "ืœืขื‘ื•ื“" ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื? ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืจืื” ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกืชืชืจืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœืžื”. ืœื“ืขืชื, ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื•ืฆืฆื” ื‘ืจืืฉื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื•, ืฉืฉืžื• ืจื•ืžื– ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ืชื•, ื”ืขืฉื™ื”.
ืžื ื’ื“ ืœืืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•ืŸ ืืœื ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ืกื™ืžื•ืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘', ื–'):

ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”' ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืขืคืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื™ืคื— ื‘ืืคื™ื• ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื”.

ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืขืคืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ (ื”ืžืขืฉื”), ื”ื ืฉืžื” (ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”), ื ืคืฉ ื—ื™ื” โ€“ ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื "ืœืจื•ื— ืžืžืœืœื" โ€“ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.

ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื’ืœ. ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื”ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื. ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืืœื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืžื“ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.

ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”

ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™"ื–, ื™"ื):

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืจื•ืš ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ื™ืืžืจื• ืœืš ืชืขืฉื” ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ.

ื™ืฉื ื• ื™ื™ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœืขื™ืŸ. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ืืžืจ "ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ", ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื ืœืคื ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ. ืžื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื ื•?
ื—ื–"ืœ ื“ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคืกืงื ื™"ื):

ืืคื™' ืžืจืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืขืœ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืžืข ืœื”ื.

ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ืจื• ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ, ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœืืžืจ "ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ" ืื• ืฉืžื "ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืกื"?
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืื—ื“ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืื—ื“ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืจืง ื˜ืขื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ื“ืงืช. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืจืื™ื” (ืื ื ืชื”ืคืš ืื–ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืชื”ืคื›ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ).
ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–"ืœ, ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื ืงืจืื™ื "ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื”", ื•ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืจ' ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœื›ื™ืชื™ื ื›ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืืžืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืœืขืฉื•ืช? ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืกื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื“ื•ืงื ืจืื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืื“ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืื“ื, ืฉืžืื—ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
ื‘ื“ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ืจ ืงืžืฆื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื” ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื’ืœ.

ืื– ื•ื”ื™ื•ื

ื—ื–"ืœ (ืกื•ื˜ื” ืคืจืง ื˜' ืžืฉื ื” ื˜"ื•) ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื“ื•ืจื ื•, ืขืงื‘ืชื ื“ืžืฉื™ื—ื, ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’. ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื ื•. ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืจื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื". ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืจืื™ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœ"ืงื•ืžืฅ" ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ืงืขืฉื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืคืชื—ื” ื•ื’ืœื•ื™ื”, ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืจื ืืช ื“ื•ืจื ื• ื‘ืžืจืงื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื• ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”, ืืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขื ื•ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื• ืžืขืœ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.


1 ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื’' ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื™"ื‘.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *