ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืข"ื— โ€“ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืคืจืง "ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช"

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื›ืณ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื”ืณืชืฉืดืž
 
09/01/1980

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืชืจื™"ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช
ยซ  

ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.

ื›ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคืจืง "ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช", ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื”. ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื”.
ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”', ื'-ื–'):

ื•ึฐื ึถืคึถืฉื ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึถื—ึฑื˜ึธื ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืขึธื” ืงื•ึนืœ ืึธืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืขึตื“ ืื•ึน ืจึธืึธื” ืื•ึน ื™ึธื“ึธืข ืึดื ืœื•ึนื ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ื“ ื•ึฐื ึธืฉื‚ึธื ืขึฒื•ึนื ื•ึนโ€ฆ ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึดื™ ื™ึถืึฐืฉืึทื ืœึฐืึทื—ึทืช ืžึตืึตืœึผึถื” ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐื•ึทื“ึผึธื” ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื—ึธื˜ึธื ืขึธืœึถื™ื”ึธ. ื•ึฐื”ึตื‘ึดื™ื ืึถืช ืึฒืฉืึธืžื•ึน ืœึทื”' ืขึทืœ ื—ึทื˜ึผึธืืชื•ึน ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื—ึธื˜ึธื ื ึฐืงึตื‘ึธื” ืžึดืŸ ื”ึทืฆึผึนืืŸ ื›ึผึดืฉื‚ึฐื‘ึผึธื” ืื•ึน ืฉื‚ึฐืขึดื™ืจึทืช ืขึดื–ึผึดื™ื ืœึฐื—ึทื˜ึผึธืืช ื•ึฐื›ึดืคึผึถืจ ืขึธืœึธื™ื• ื”ึทื›ึผึนื”ึตืŸ ืžึตื—ึทื˜ึผึธืืชื•ึนโ€ฆ

ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื›ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืชืจื™"ื’ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืžืฆื•ื” ืงืข"ื—):

ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืขื”ื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืžื™ืชืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืื• ื”ืฆืœืชื•, ื”ืคืกื“ ืžืžื•ื ื• ืื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื–ื” ื›ืœื• ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืื• ืฉืžืขื ื•. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืจืื™ื™ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžืื•ืžืจื• ื™ืชืขืœื” [ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”] ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ืื• ืจืื” ืื• ื™ื“ืข. ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื™ืชืขืœื” ืื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื•ื ืฉื ืขื•ื ื•. ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืœื™. ื•ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื—ืฉ ื‘ื” ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ [ืฉื] ื•ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช [ืคืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™]. ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.

ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื” ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืค"ื ื”"ื):

ื”ืขื“ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื” ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื–ื›ื”ื• ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื‘ืขื ื• ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ืื• ืจืื” ืื• ื™ื“ืข ืื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื•ื ืฉื ืขื•ื ื•.

ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื—ืœื” ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ืืš ืื ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื–ืžืชื•. ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืกื™ื™ื’ ื–ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื.

ื‘. ืชืžื™ื”ื” ื–ื• ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš" (ืœ"ืช ืจืฆ"ื–):

ืฉื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื ื• ืžืœื”ืชืจืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืฉื ืจืื”ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ืช ืื• ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื“ืข ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื•ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื• ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ืื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื ื–ืงื• ื•ื‘ืื” ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžื”ืžื ืข ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื‘ืืžืจื• ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ืฉืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ืชื›ืœืœื”ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื–ืืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืืžืจื• ื”ืืžืช ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื•ื ืฉื ืขื•ื ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื ืžื ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืง ืขืœื™ื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืื ืจืื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื˜ื•ื‘ืข ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืื• ืœืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืื• ื—ื™ื” ืจืขื” ื‘ืื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื—ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืœื”ืจื’ื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืชืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ.

ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืœื”, ืฉืื“ื ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืชื• โ€“ ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• "ืื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื•ื ืฉื ืขื•ื•ื ื•". ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžืกื™ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื ืชื‘ืข ืœื”ืขื™ื“1.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืคื•ื, ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื.
ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ (ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉืื™ืœืชื ืก"ื˜), ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ืจืง ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš". ืœื ืžื ื” ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืžืฆื•ื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื•ื ืฉื ืขื•ื•ื ื•", ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืขื™ื“.

ื’. ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” (ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช) ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื:

ืงืขื—: ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ืื• ืจืื” ืื• ื™ื“ืข".

ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืš:

ื. ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช.

ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืงืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช" ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช" ื ืจืื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช", ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื•" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขื“, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“.
ืื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช", ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœื•" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืขื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช.
ื‘ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื“, ื‘ืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืจืžื–ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืขื“ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืจืžื– ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืขื“ ืœื”ืขื™ื“.

ื“. ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืชืืจื• ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช (ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืค"ื ื”ื™"ื‘), ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ:

ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“, ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืชื‘ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืœื• ื•ื›ืคืจื• ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื•ืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื” ื•ื ืขืœื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื’ื’ื”.

ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช"? ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉื "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช".

ื”. ืฉืืœื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช "ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช, ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื”.
ื”ืื“ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“. ืืฃ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• โ€“ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™? ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื’ื ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.

ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ
ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ืฉื ืฉื ืชืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœืชื•ื‘ืข: "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช", ื”ื•ื ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื”.
ื›ืฉืื“ื ืžืœื•ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื, ืœืขื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ืจืื•ื™.
ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื—ืœืง ืžืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืจืื™ื”, "ื•ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจืื™ื”". ื‘ืงืจืงืข, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื โ€“ ืืฃ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื“ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข โ€“ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื ืงืžื.
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืขื“ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›"ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช", ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืขื“ ืœืชืช ืืช ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• โ€“ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ.
ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ2, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ. ื—ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ืจืจืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื‘, ื—):

ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึนืืžึทืจ ื›ึผึดื™ ื”ื•ึผื ื–ึถื” ืขึทื“ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื™ึธื‘ึนื ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืจ ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื.

ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืขืฉื” ืจืž"ื•):

ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื™ืช' ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข ื•ื’ื•' ืืฉืจ ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื ืก ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงืฆืชื ืขืœ ืงืฆืชื ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื’' ืžืงืžื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื—' ืžืžืฆื™ืขื ื•ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืžื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืชืœืžื•ื“.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืขื“ ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ื•ื”ืขื“ ืขื•ื ื” ืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ืืŸ ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืชื‘ื•ื. ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ื•ืžื ืชืงืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื“ ื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื•ื "ืคืกืง" ื•ื—ืชืš ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข (ืื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืงืจ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ื›ืžืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘).
ื ืจืื”, ืฉืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“, ื•ืœืœื ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื• โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ ืœื”ืขื™ื“. ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”. ืฉืžื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื”? ืฉืžื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ? ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื“ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืื ืœื ื ืชื‘ืข ืœื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื
ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืจื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื3.
ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช:

ื”ืขื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืชื‘ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืœื•.

ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืงื•ืจื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช". ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื•. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืื™ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช".

ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” (ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช) ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืž"ื’, ืฉืžื”ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”.
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืกืž"ื’ (ืขืฉื™ืŸ, ืง"ื—):

ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸโ€ฆ ื•ื’ืจืกื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช (ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœ, ื‘) ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืื™ ืฆื•ืจื‘ื ืžืจื‘ื ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืข ืกื”ื“ื•ืชื ื•ื–ื™ืœื ื‘ื™ื” ืžื™ืœืชื ืœืžื™ื–ืœ ืงืžื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื” ืœืืกื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงืžื™ื” ืœื ืœื™ื–ื™ืœ, ื“ืขืฉื” ื“ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ, ื•ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืœื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื, ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืงื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืจื‘โ€ฆ

ื”ืกืž"ื’ ืื•ืžืจ, ืฉื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœืคื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ืืš ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ "ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”โ€ฆ ืœื ื’ื“ ื”'". ื”ืกืž"ื’ ืงื•ืจื ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ". ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื—ื™ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืช, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืžืคืจื™ืฉื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ?
ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ืกืž"ื’ ืจื•ืื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื™ื“ ืื“ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื•. ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.
ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช:

ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช.

ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื ืžืขื™ื“ ื”ืขื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ. ื–ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช.
ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ โ€“ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืœื ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”. ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช "ืœื•" โ€“ ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.

ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช?
ื ืจืื”, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื.
ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”', ื'):

ื•ึฐื ึถืคึถืฉื ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึถื—ึฑื˜ึธื ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืขึธื” ืงื•ึนืœ ืึธืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืขึตื“ ืื•ึน ืจึธืึธื” ืื•ึน ื™ึธื“ึธืข ืึดื ืœื•ึนื ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ื“ ื•ึฐื ึธืฉื‚ึธื ืขึฒื•ึนื ื•ึน.

ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”', ื›"ื):

ื ึถืคึถืฉื ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึถื—ึฑื˜ึธื ื•ึผืžึธืขึฒืœึธื” ืžึทืขึทืœ ื‘ึผึทื”' ื•ึฐื›ึดื—ึตืฉื ื‘ึผึทืขึฒืžึดื™ืชื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืคึดืงึผึธื“ื•ึนืŸ ืื•ึน ื‘ึดืชึฐืฉื‚ื•ึผืžึถืช ื™ึธื“ ืื•ึน ื‘ึฐื’ึธื–ึตืœ ืื•ึน ืขึธืฉืึทืง ืึถืช ืขึฒืžึดื™ืชื•ึน.

ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœ"ื“ ืข"ื):

ืช"ืœ: ืชื—ื˜ื ืชื—ื˜ื ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื”, ื ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”') ืชื—ื˜ื ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื—ื˜ื, ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ.

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ืืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช (ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™"ื” ื—"ื ืขืž' ืง"ืค), ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ.
ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžืžื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ื ืฉื‘ืข ืขืœ ืฉืงืจ. ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืฉืงืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•.
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, "ืชื—ื˜ื", ืžืœืžื“ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื’ื ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืฉืงืจ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœื•. ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืืœื™ื•.

ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื4.
ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื›ื”, ืืœื ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืืช ืชืจื™"ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืจืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืžื”ื ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื. ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืคืกืงื• ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื‘ืืชื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืžืฆื•ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชืจื™"ื’ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”5.

ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื›ื‘ื™ืฉืช ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื“ ื ืชื‘ืข ืœื”ืขื™ื“. ืขื•ื“ ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš" ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืง ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช6. ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”.
ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื•.
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื•ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื• ืฉืœ "ืื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ื•ื ืฉื ืขื•ื•ื ื•" ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืื ืœื ื ืชื‘ืข. ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ืฉืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” โ€“ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืœื ืฉืชื‘ืข ืžืžื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ืคืกืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช.
ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ "ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš" ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจื (ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืคืจืฉื” ื”', ืค"ื“) ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ืืžื ื ืœื ืคืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืš ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื•. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืš.

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช
ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืœื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช, ื ื™ืžื ื‘ื™ื” ืžื™ืœืชื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช.
ื›ืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช (ืฉืื™ืœืชื ืก"ื—):

ืฉืื™ืœืชื ื“ืื™ืœื• ืžืืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื”ื“ื•ืชื ื“ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื™ื–ืœ ื•ืืกื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื” ื•ืื™ ืœื ืžืกื”ื™ื“ ืœื™ื” ืงืื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืืœื” ื•ื’ื•ืž' ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื”ืื™ ืงืจื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ื ื“ืืฉื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืœื ืžืกื”ื™ื“ ืœื™ื” ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืื™ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืขืœื” ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื™ืงื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืกื”ื™ื“ ื ืžื™ ืงืื™ื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื ื•ื”ื“ืจ ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืืœื” ืืœืžื ื›ื™ ืœื ืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื ืžื™ ืงืื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืง ืขืœื™ื• ืช"ืœ ื•ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš.

ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช, ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื. ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“. ื‘. ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืงืจ.
ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ืœืžื“ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžื”ืคืกื•ืง:

ื•ึฐื ึถืคึถืฉื ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึถื—ึฑื˜ึธื ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืขึธื” ืงื•ึนืœ ืึธืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืขึตื“ ืื•ึน ืจึธืึธื” ืื•ึน ื™ึธื“ึธืข ืึดื ืœื•ึนื ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ื“ ื•ึฐื ึธืฉื‚ึธื ืขึฒื•ึนื ื•ึน.

ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื" ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืŸ. ืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ื“, ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื• "ื•ืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืืœื”" โ€“ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื—ื˜ื. ืื "ืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืืœื”" โ€“ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ.
ื ืจืื”, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง.
ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ (ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ) ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืš:

ืช"ืœ: ืชื—ื˜ื ืชื—ื˜ื ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื”, ื ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”') ืชื—ื˜ื ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื—ื˜ื, ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ.

ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืค"ื“ ื”"ื—) ื“ืจืฉื•:

ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื ืœื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžื” ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืฃ ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•.

ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœืžื“ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชื—ื˜ื" ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื–ืืช ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื". ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ?
ื ืจืื”, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื‘ื‘ืœื™ โ€“ ื•ื”ืจื™ ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื˜ื", ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืจืง ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชื—ื˜ื", ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืœืžื™ืœื” "ื ืคืฉ"?

ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืง ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ื. ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“: "ื•ึฐื ึถืคึถืฉืโ€ฆ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืขึตื“ ืื•ึน ืจึธืึธื” ืื•ึน ื™ึธื“ึธืข ืึดื ืœื•ึนื ื™ึทื’ึผึดื™ื“ ื•ึฐื ึธืฉื‚ึธื ืขึฒื•ึนื ื•ึน" โ€“ ืื“ื ืฉืจืื” ืžืงืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื•. ื‘. ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช: "ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึถื—ึฑื˜ึธื ื•ึฐืฉืึธืžึฐืขึธื” ืงื•ึนืœ ืึธืœึธื” ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืขึตื“ ืื•ึน ืจึธืึธื” ืื•ึน ื™ึธื“ึธืขโ€ฆ".
ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืจืง ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืชื—ื˜ื", ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื ืคืฉ" ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืง ื›ื•ืœื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืขื™ื“, ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช. ื ืžืฆื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื ื” ื›ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช.

1 ื”ื ืฆื™"ื‘ (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืฉืื™ืœืชื ืก"ื˜ ืก"ืง ื‘') ืžื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื: "ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆ"ืข ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื 'ืœื ืชืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื“ื ืจืขืš', ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื™ืื™ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื–"ืœโ€ฆ".
2 ืขื™' ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ "ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ", ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืž' 387.
3 ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ืื• ืฉืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.
4 ืืžื ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืš, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืžื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• โ€“ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื—ื”.
5 ื“ื•ืžื ืœื›ืš ืจืื” ื‘"ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืจื”", ื—"ื, ืžืฆื•ื” ื’', ืขืž' ืข"ื–.
6 ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืจืื”: ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืค"ื– ื”"ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ืค"ื” ื”"ื“, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ืค"ื— ื”"ื™, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื— ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืค"ื ื”ื™"ื“, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื•ื“.

 

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *