ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›"ื‘ (ื’') โ€“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืœื ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืฆื ืืœื ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ืฆื

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื”ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ื”ืณืชืฉืดืž
 
18/07/1980

ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (ื›"ื‘, ื’'):

ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื•, ื•ืœืžื” ื™ืฆืืช? ืœื”ืงื™ืฉ ืืœื™ื” โ€“ ืžื” ืฉืžืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื; ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื.

ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช "ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืœืžื“ ื•ื›ื•'":

ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืŸ ื”ืช"ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”', ืข"ื™ ื ืฆื— ืื• ื”ื•ื“, ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืช"ืช ื‘ื ืฆื—, ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืฉื ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื‘ื ืฆื—, ื•ืื“ื "ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื“. ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืชื—ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ื“"ื• ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืช"ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื›ืœืœ ื•ื ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื•, ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืช"ืช, ื•ื ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”'. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืœืžื“, ืœื ืœืœืžื“ ืข"ืข ื™ืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”' ืœืžื˜ื”, ืืœื ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ื™ืฆื, ืฉื’ื ื”ืช"ืช ื™ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืขืžื” ืฉื ื‘ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”' ืœืžื˜ื”. ื›ื™ืฆื“ โ€“ ืช"ืช ื‘ื ืฆื— ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ื™"ื”, ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืื“ื "ื™, ื•ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืื– ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื™ืื”ื“ื•ื ื”"ื™ ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื. ื ืžืฆื ืฉืข"ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืช"ืช, ื™ืจื“ ื”ืช"ืช ื’"ื› ืขืžื” ื‘ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”', ืฉื”ื•ื ื "ื”, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืืœื ืœืœืžื“ ื›ื•'.

ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™' ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืœื–ื”ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื1 ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™' ืชืคืืจืช2.

ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืœืœืžื“ ื”ื™ื "ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”'" ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฆื— ื•ื”ื•ื“. ื ืฆื— ื•ื”ื•ื“ ื”ื ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื›"ืœื‘ืจ ืžื’ื•ืคื" ื•ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืจ"ื3. ืืฃ ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ ืžืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืœืžื“.

ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ื ืชื‘ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื. ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืืžืจื• (ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื–ื”ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืž"ื˜ ืข"ื):

ืื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ื“ืžื ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ืœื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืืœื ืฉืื›ืœื” ืคื’ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื™ืคื ื ื“ื—ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ื’ืจืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื–ื›ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ืžื–ื“ืžื ื ืขืœื™ื” ืœืžื”ื•ื™ ืžืฉืฉืช ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช. ืื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ ื“ืจื ื˜ื‘ื ืžื ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”ื•ื™. ืื™ืช ืœืžืืŸ ื“ืืชืจื—ื™ืง ืžื™ื ื™ื” ืขื“ ื“ืžืชืงืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ื™ ื•ืื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ื” ืื‘ื“ื” ื“ื™ืœื™ื”. ื•ืื™ืช ื“ืื‘ื™ื“ ืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ืืชื—ื–ืจ ืœื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ื•ื”ืื™ ืื™ื”ื™ ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืืชื™ื™ืืฉื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ื•ืื™ื”ื™ ื“ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื” ืงื ื” ืœื” ืื™ ืืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”.

ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื• (ืื’ืจืช ืค"ื˜):

ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืงื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฆื“ืง ืฉืœ "ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœืš ืฉืœืš", ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืื‘ื“ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืืœืงื™ ื”ืฉื•ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืืช ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื, ืฉื’ื ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆื ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืื•ืฉ ื ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœืฆื“ืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ.

ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืื”ื• ืืœ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื•. ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืื“ื ื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืื‘ื“ ืžืžื ื•. ืื ืจืื•ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืืฉ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืžืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ืืฃ ื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช "ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”" ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” "ื”ืฉื‘ ืชืฉื™ื‘ื". ืื ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ืชื™ื™ืืฉื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื ื™ื˜ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืžื ื• ื•ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืงื“ื™ื ืœื™ื˜ืœื”.

ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœ"ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”" โ€“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”.

ื”ืจื‘ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ืชื™ื™ืืฉื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆื ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื•. ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื™ื“ื”.

ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ื™ืฆืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœืœืžื“. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื™ื, ืชืคื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืืœื™ื•. ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื•. ืžืœืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืง ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืงื ื” โ€“ ืื– ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืื‘ื™ื“ื”.

ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ืชื™ื™ืืฉื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืชืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ืืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” "ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช" ื›ืฉืžืœื”, ืืœื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ื•ืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื” โ€“ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขืœื™ื”4.


1 "ื•ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื—ืžืฉื™ ืฉืžืœื” ืžืžืฉืจืงื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื–"ื ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืฉืžืœ"ื” ื›ืž"ื“ื ื•ืฉืžืœ' ืžื’ื•ืœืœื” ื‘ื“ืžื™' ื‘ืกื•' ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืžืฉืจืงื” ื›ืžื“"ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืจื™ืงื•' ืขื“ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’' ืขื“ืจื™ ืฆืืŸ ื ื”"ื™ ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื–"ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืฉื•ืจืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉืจืงื”"

2 ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืจืš "ื’ืŸ":

ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื• ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ื“ืขืช, ื”ื’ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืงืŸ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืคืืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืช (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืคื ื—ืก ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื ืจ"ืœ), ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ (ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงื˜"ื• ืข"ื‘), ื•ื”ื ื” ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืชืขื ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืคื™ื™ืก ื”ืชืคืืจืช ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื•ื™"ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืืœืคื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืข'.

ืฉื ืขืž' ืง"ืž:

ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช 'ืฆื•ื 'ืงื•ืœ 'ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื—ืกื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืชืคืืจืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืงืฅ.

ื‘ืืจ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ืชืจื•ืžื”:

ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืคืืจืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื›ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื” ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืชืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืžื•ื ื• ืœื”' ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืคืืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื•ื’ื ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื ื•ื“ืข. ื•ื ื’ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืœืœื•, ื ืจืื” ืฉืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื•ื”ื ื‘ืชื™ ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืืžื™ ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื“ ื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืชื™ ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื•ืฅ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืœืชืช ืจืง ื”ืžืฆื˜ืจืš ืืœื™ื” ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ืงืฉ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื—ื•ืชื™ ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืคืืจืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืžื™. ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”' ืœืจืฆื•ื ื ืœื”ืคื›ื• ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืœืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื›ื— ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืืžื• ืชื ื—ืžื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ. ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื•ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืžืื”, ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›"ื•, ื™"ื‘) ื•ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืžืื” ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืจื›ื”ื• ื”' ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืชื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืจืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ (ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื•) ื•ืžืื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืžื” ื›ื ื•ื“ืข . ื•ืืžื ื ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืžืื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืชื (ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื) ืฉืฉื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื•ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื. ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืงื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืœืชืชื ืฉืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืื” ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืชื (ื‘ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืž"ื’ ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืื•ืจื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ืž"ื• ืกืขื™ืฃ ื’') ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ืืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืžืื”.

3 ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœืกืคืจื ื“ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื: "ืžืœืš ื—ืžืฉื™ ืฉืžืœื”. ื ืฆื— ืฉื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื ื•"ื” ื›ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื“ืฃ ืฆ"ื— ืข"ื ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ืœื‘ืฉืช ืืœื™ืŸ ืชืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื–"ืก ื—ืœื•ืงื ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืช"ื— ื›ื™ ืช"ื— ื”ื ื ื•"ื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืš ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”'. ื•ื–"ืก ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืค' ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื“' ืจืž"ื– ืข"ื ื”ื›ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื ืฉืžืชื™ืŸ ื“ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื•' ืข"ืฉ. ื•ืขื™ืงืจื ื‘ื ืฆื— ื›ืž"ืฉ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืง"ื“) ืขื•ื˜ื” ืื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืกื˜' ื“ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–"ืฉ (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืก"ื’) ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืฉื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฆื— ื›ื "ืœ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื• ืคื•ืจื” ื“ืจื›ืชื™ (ืฉื) ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื– ื ืฆื—ื ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื›ื•' ื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืœืืจืฅ ื ืฆื—ื. ื•ื–"ืก ื”ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื“ืฃ ืงื™"ื (ืข"ื‘) ื•ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืฃ ื™ืจื›ื• ื•ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืš ื“ืจื•ื•ื— ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืš ื”ื•ื” ื‘ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ื“ื™ืœื™' ืขื“ ื“ืืชื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืื™ ื‘ื—ืœื™ืฉื• ื“ืœื ืžืฉื™ืš ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื“ ืืชื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืš ื•ืกืœืงื™ื” ืžื”ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ื•ื—ื˜ืฃ ืœื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื” ื›ื•' ื•ื‘ื’"ื“ ื”ื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื“ืฉืœื”ื™ ืžืŸ ื“ื ืื™ื”ื• ื“ื›ืœ ื›ืกื•ืคื ื“ืœื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจ ื™ืจืš ืื™ื”ื• ื•ื›"ืฉ ื™ืจืš ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื›ื•' ื•ืฉื ื‘ื“' ืงื™"ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ืžื” ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืชืงื— ืจื‘ืงื” ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืขืฉื• ื›ื•' ื‘ืืœื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื” ื’ื–ืœ ื›ื•' ื•ื‘ื’"ื› ื”ื ื™ ืžืื ื™ ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื“ืงื ื‘ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืคื™ื ื“ื“ื”ื• ื•ื”ื ื™ ื‘ืจื›ื™ ื“ืฉืœื”ื™ ืžื ื™ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื•' ืข"ืฉ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื ืฆื— ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื ืžืžื ื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืฉื ื’"ื› ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืฉื ื•ืชืงืข ื›ืฃ ื™ืจืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื—ื™ื–ื” ืืœื ืฉื. ื•ื–"ืก ื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืœืืจืฅ ื ืฆื—ื ื›ื "ืœ. ื•ื–"ืก ื•ืžืขื™ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืชืขืฉื” ืœื• ืืžื• ืฉืฉื ืกื•ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืืžื• ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื—ื ื” ื•ืžืžื ื” ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื›ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืช"ื– ื•ื–"ืก ืชืขืฉื” ืœื• ืืžื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ื‘ ืจืืชื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื˜ื” ืžืขื™ืœ. ื•ื–"ืก ื•ืคืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืžืœื” (ืกืคืจื™) ืฉืžืœื” ืœืš ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื’') ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื›ืกื™ืŸ ื›ืฉืžืœื” ื™ืฉื ื• ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื™ืš (ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™"ื˜ ื‘') ื•ื–"ืก ืฉืžืœื”".

4 ืขื™' ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ "ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”'" ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืงืŸ. ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื• (ื—"ื ืขืž' ื›"ื—-ื›"ื˜).

"ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”', ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”', ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืœืคื ื™ื•-ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืคืจื• ืชื•ืจืชืš. ื•ื”ืคืจื• ืจ"ืœ: ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืžืžืขืฉื” ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”, ื”ื ื” ืื– ื ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื ืžืฆื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื•, ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืคืข ื›ืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืž"ืฉ, ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจื›ืชื• ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜, ื›ื—). ื•ืื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืœื•โ€ฆ ื•ืชื“ืข ืฉื‘ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ื–"ืœ, ื”ืคืจื• ืชื•ืจืชืš, ืžืฉื•ื ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”' (ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืกื’ ื). ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื—ืœืฉืช ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื” ืžืฉื•ื ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื”'. ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ: ืฉื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื™ื›ื ืก ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœืžืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคื’ื ื•ื”ืจื™ืกื” ืืœื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ".

ื•ืขื™' ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืงืค"ื—:

ื“ืข, ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื“ืชื•, ื›ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื“ ื ืฉื›ื— ืžืื™ืชื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื ืœื‘ืจื›ื” (ื ื™ื“ื” ืœ'). ื•ื”ืฉื›ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื‘ื“ื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจืื• ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–"ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื›ื— ืื•ื‘ื“, ื›ืžืืžืจื ื–"ืœ (ืื‘ื•ืช ื”') "ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืื‘ื“" ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื‘ื“ืชื•, ื•ื”ืื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ื“ืชื• ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ืฆืื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฆืื”, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ืฆื ื’ื ืื‘ื“ืชื, ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื—ื›ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื‘ื“ืชื•, ื•ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืืฆืœื•, ืืš ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื”ืื‘ื“ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื“ืจืฉื ื• ืื ืื™ื ื• ืจืžืื™ ื•ืฉืงืจืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ : "ืขื“ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ื™ืš ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืชื• ืœื•" (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›"ื‘ ื‘') โ€“ "ืขื“ ืฉืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ืื—ื™ืš ืื ืื™ื ื• ืจืžืื™" (ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื›"ื–).

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *