ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœ"ื“ (ืข"ื‘) โ€“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื”ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ื”ืณืชืฉืดืž
 
18/07/1980

 

ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœ"ื’ ืข"ื‘ โ€“ ืœ"ื“ ืข"ื:

ืจ"ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืง"ื• ืžื” ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ื ื›ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘"ื“ ื•ืฉืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘"ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืœื ืื—ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘"ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืžื” ืœืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืชืืžืจ ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืช"ืœ ืชื—ื˜ื ืชื—ื˜ื ืœื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”', ื›"ื) ืชื—ื˜ื ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื—ื˜ื ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ

ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœ"ื“ ืข"ื‘:

ืจ"ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื•':
ืžื—ื›ื• ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื ืžืื™ ื—ื•ื›ื ื“ืงืชื ื™ ืžื” ืœืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ืžืคื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืจ"ืฉ ืžื ื ืœื™ื” ื“ื’ืžืจ ืžืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ืžืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื’ืžืจ ืžืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืžืื™ ื—ื•ื›ื ื“ืœืžื ืจ"ืฉ ื‘ืง"ื• ืžื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื” ืžืคื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืคื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ
ืืœื ื—ื•ื›ื ืืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื“ืงืชื ื™ ืžื” ืœืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืžื–ื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืžื ื ืœื™ื” ื“ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื ืขืœื ื”"ื  ืœื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื ืขืœื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืžืื™ ื—ื•ื›ื ื“ืœืžื ืžื–ื™ื“ ื“ืœืื• ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืžืžืขื™ืœื” ืจ"ืฉ ื’ืžืจ ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื›ื ืื“ื’ืžืจ ืœื” ืžืžืขื™ืœื” ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื” ืžืขื“ื•ืช ืžืกืชื‘ืจื ืžืžืขื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืœืžื™ืœืฃ ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ืœื” ืžืžืขื™ืœื” ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืœืžื™ืœืฃ ืฉื›ืŸ ืชื—ื˜ื ืžืชื—ื˜ื ืžืกืชื‘ืจื ืžืžืขื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื” ืœื™ื” ืœืžื™ืœืฃ ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื”ื ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืข ื—ื•ืžืฉ ื•ืืฉื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื“ื•ืช ื”"ืœ ืœืžื™ืœืฃ ืฉื›ืŸ ื—ื˜ื ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืชื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ื›ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืš ื ืคื™ืฉื™ืŸ
ืืœื ืžืื™ ื—ื•ื›ื ื›ื™ ืืชื ืจื‘ ืคืคื ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ืืžืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื›ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืจ"ืฉ ื’"ืฉ ื’ืžื™ืจ ืœืžื” ืœื™ื” ื“ืคืจื™ืš ืžื” ืœืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื•ืžืื™ ื—ื•ื›ื ื“ืœืžื ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ืš ืžืงืžื™ ื“ืชื™ืงื•ื ืœื™ื” ื’"ืฉ ื‘ืชืจ ื“ืงืžื ืœื™ื” ื’"ืฉ ืœื ืคืจื™ืš ื•ืœื ื•ื”ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ืจื‘ื ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื™ ืœืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžืืŸ ืชื ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื–ื“ื•ื ื” ืœื›ืคืจื” ืจ"ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื“ืœืžื ืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืคืจื™ืš ื“ื’ืžืจ ืœื” ืžืžืขื™ืœื” ื“ื”ื ืš ื ืคื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœื ืคืจื™ืš ื•ืชื”ื“ืจ ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื’ืžืจ ืœื” ืžืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื™ื“ ื“ืœืื• ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืžื” ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ื“ ืœื ืืฃ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื’ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ื“ ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื™ ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืžืžืขื™ืœื”

ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื•ืžื“ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืจืง ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
ื”ืง"ื• ื•ื”ื’"ืฉ ื”ื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™.
ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจืง ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” (ืค"ื“ ื”"ื“):

ืจ"ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžืžื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืกืคืจื ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ (ื“ื‘ื•ืจื ื“ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืคืจืฉืชื ื™"ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›"ื‘, ื“')

ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื•ืžืจ: ืžื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ "ื•ืžืขืœื” ืžืขืœ ื‘ื”'"? ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื•ื” ื•ื”ืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืœื•ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืœื ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื“ื™ื, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืงื™ื“ ืืฆืœ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืข ื‘ื• ื ืฉืžื” ืืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. "ื•ื›ื—ืฉ ื‘ืขืžื™ืชื•" โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื? ืช"ืœ "ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ", ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ืŸ.

ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื:

โ€ฆ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื”ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜โ€ฆ ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ื•ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืจืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืชื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืฉืงืจ ืื– ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ืขื™ื™"ืฉ.

ืคื™ืงื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”"ืขื“".
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ืขืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ืจ ืฉื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžื›ืจื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื‘ ืœืฉืžื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื‘, ืฉืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื”ืขื“ื™ื1 ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืื ืœื ื™ืขื™ื“ื• ืฉื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช.
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื2. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื—ื›ื• ืขืœื™ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื3 ืฉื—ืคืฉื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืง"ื• ื•ื’"ืฉ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื ื•ืœื ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ืฉืœืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ "ืื‘" ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืœื ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฉื˜ืจ ืืœื ืจืง "ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื".
ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืง"ื• ื•ื‘ื’"ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื•ื” ืœืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื‘ืžื—ืฉื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™" ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืจ, ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ4.
ื”ืคืœืคื•ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”"ืžืื™ ื—ื•ื›ื" ืืฃ ื”ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื—ื•ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจ ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืœืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”5.


 

 

1 ืขื™' ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืจืš ืขื“ื™ื: ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื ืฆื—, ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ืจืž"ื– ื‘ืคื™' ื›ื™ ืชืฉื.
2 ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ ื›ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื‘ื“ืจืฉืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจื.
3 ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืž' ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœ"ื“ ืข"ื‘: "ืžื—ื›ื• ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื ืžืื™ ื—ื•ื›ื ื“ืงืชื ื™ ืžื” ืœืคืงื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื ืฉื‘ืข ืžื–ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื•ื’ื’"
4 ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืง"ื• ื•ื’"ืฉ ืขื™' ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืžื™ื ื”.
5 ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืื’' ืง"ื’: "ื™ืฉื ื• ื’",ื› ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžืง ืฉื›ืœื™, ืฉืž"ืž ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืคืจืฉื• ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ (ื‘ื‘ืœื™) ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ืจ ืœืช"ื— ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ืžืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืจืžื–ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืฉื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื“ืื•ื™ืจื ื“ื"ื™โ€ฆ ื•ืž"ืž ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืคืจืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื—ื•ื’ ื”ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™".

 

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *