ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืค"ื“ (ืข"ื‘) โ€“ ืค"ื” โ€“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื”ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ื”ืณืชืฉืดืž
 
18/07/1980

ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืค"ื“ (ืข"ื‘) โ€“ ืค"ื”:

ืฆืขืจ ื›ื•ื•ืื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ื“ ืื• ื‘ืžืกืžืจ ื•ื›ื•': ืฆืขืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืชืœื ืžืืŸ ืชื ื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ืชื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื•ื™ื” ื ืืžืจื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื ืืžืจื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืื™ ืงื ืžื™ืคืœื’ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ืœื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืชื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ื™ื™ ืขืœื” ื“ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ืื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ ืœื ืœื ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ืื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืชื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ื™ื™ ืขืœื” ื“ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ืœื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืชืงื™ืฃ ืœื” ืจื‘ ืคืคื ืื“ืจื‘ื” ืื™ืคื›ื ืžืกืชื‘ืจื ืจื‘ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื•ื™ื” ื ืืžืจื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ืื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืชื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ื™ื™ ืขืœื” ื“ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ืœื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื ืืžืจื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ืœื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืข ื›ืชื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ื™ื™ ืขืœื” ื“ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ืื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ ืœื ืœื ื•ืืžืกืงื ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ ืื™ ื ืžื™ ื“ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ื›ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื™ืช ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืข ื•ื”ื›ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืงืžืคืœื’ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืกื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™ ืกื‘ืจ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ื™ ืชื™ืžื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืจื‘ื™ ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื ื™ืชืจื™ื: ืื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืื“ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•': ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ื”ื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืžื™ื ืŸ ืืžืจ ืื‘ื•ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ืœื• ื™ื“ื• ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ืœื• ื™ื“ื• ืœื ืฆืขืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื”ื• ื—ืžืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื›ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืคื˜ื ื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืŸ ืืœื ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ื™ื“ื• ื”ืงื˜ื•ืขื” ื™ื“ื• ื”ืงื˜ื•ืขื” ื ืžื™ ืœื ืฆืขืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื™ื›ื ื”ื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืื™ื›ื ื“ื›ืกื™ืคื ืœื™ื” ืžื™ืœืชื ืœืžืฉืงืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจื• ืœืžืฉื“ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืืœื ืื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ืœื• ื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื ืœืกื™ื™ืฃ ืืžืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื ืžื™ ืœื ืฉืงื™ืœ ื•ืžืฆืขืจ ื ืคืฉื™ื” ืืœื ืื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื˜ื•ืข ืœื• ื™ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืฃ ืœืกื ื”ืื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืžื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ื–ื”: ืจืคื•ื™ ื”ื›ื”ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืคืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื•':
[ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ] ืขืœื• ื‘ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื•ื ืกืชืจื” ื”ืžื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืคืื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืชื• ืฉืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืคืื•ืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืชื• ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืืฃ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืคืื•ืชื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื“ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืชื• ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื• ื•ืจืคื•ืืชื• ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ืžืื™ ืงื ืžื™ืคืœื’ื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื” ืืฉื›ื—ืชื™ื ื”ื• ืœืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ ื“ื™ืชื‘ื™ ื•ืงืืžืจื™ ื”ื›ื ื‘ืžื›ื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื’ื“ ืงืžื™ืคืœื’ื™ ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื™ ืžื›ื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื’ื“ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื‘ืจ ืžื›ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื’ื“ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื“ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ืžื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืœื ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ืœื ืžื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืืžื™ื ื ืœื”ื• ืื ื ืื™ ืžื›ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื’ื“ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื ืžื™ ืœื ืžื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืœื ื“ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ืžื›ื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื’ื“ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื’ื“ ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืื’ื“ ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื“ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ืžื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื‘ืช ื“ืœื ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ืœื ืžื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื™ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืืฉื‘ืช ื ืžื™ ืžื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืื™ืชืงืฉ ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ืœื ืžื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื“ืžืขื˜ื™ื” ืจื—ืžื ื ืจืง ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืจืง ืœืฉืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ืืชื ื•ืœืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจืื™ ื“ืืžืจื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื“ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืžื™ื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื” ืœื›ื“ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื“ืชื ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืจืคื ื™ืจืคื ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคื ืœืจืคืื•ืช ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ืขืœื• ื‘ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื•ื ืกืชืจื” ื”ืžื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืคืื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื‘ืชื• ืช"ืœ ืจืง ืฉื‘ืชื• ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืจืคื ื™ืจืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ืช"ืœ ืจืง ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืืฃ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืจืง ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ืืฃ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืจืื™ ื•ืื™ื›ื ื“ืืžืจื™ ืืฃ ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ืžืืŸ ื›ืื‘ื•ื”: ืืžืจ ืžืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ืช"ืœ ืจืง ืฉืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ ืงืจื ืืžืจื™ ืžืื™ ืฉืœื ืžื—ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื›ื“ืชื ื™ื ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื•ืคื ื•ืื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชื™ืงื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืฉ ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชื™ืงื” ืงืฉื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ื” ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืžื›ืชื• ื’ืจื’ื•ืชื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืจืคืื•ืชื• ืช"ืœ ืจืง ืžืื™ ื’ืจื’ื•ืชื ื™ ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื™ ื ืืชื ื›ืจื™ื›ืชื ืžืื™ ืืกื•ืชื™ื” ืื”ืœื ื•ืงื™ืจื ื•ืงืœื‘ื ื•ืื™ ื"ืœ ืืกื™ื™ืš ืื ื ื"ืœ ื“ืžื™ืช ืขืœื™ ื›ืืจื™ื ืืจื‘ื ื•ืื™ ื"ืœ ืžื™ื™ืชื™ื ื ืืกื™ื ื“ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืŸ ื"ืœ ืืกื™ื ื“ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื” ื•ืื™ ืืžืจ ืžื™ื™ืชื™ื ื ืœืš ืืกื™ื ืจื—ื™ืงื ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ืืกื™ื ืจื—ื™ืงื ืขื™ื ื ืขื•ื™ืจื ื•ืื™ ื"ืœ ื”ื™ืืš ื”ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืื ื ืžืกื™ื ื ื ืคืฉืื™ ื"ืœ ืคืฉืขืช ื‘ื ืคืฉืš ื•ืฉืงืœืช ืžื™ื ืื™ ื˜ืคื™ ื•ืื™ ื"ืœ ืงื•ืฅ ืœื™ ืžืงืฅ ื"ืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ืคืฉืขืช ื‘ื ืคืฉืš ื•ืงืจื• ืœื™ ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื™ืง ืชื ื ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ืžื ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื–ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื ืืžืจ ืงืจื ืคืฆืข ืชื—ืช ืคืฆืข ืœื™ืชืŸ ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ื”ืื™ ืžื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื” ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื’ื’ ื›ืžื–ื™ื“ ื•ืื•ื ืก ื›ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงืจื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืคืฆืข ืžืื™ ืคืฆืข ืชื—ืช ืคืฆืข ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ืชืจืชื™ ืจื‘ ืคืคื ืžืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ื ืืžืจ ืืžืจ ืงืจื ื•ืจืคื ื™ืจืคื ืœื™ืชืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ื”ืื™ ืžื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื” ืœื›ื“ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื“ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื•ืจืคื ื™ืจืคื ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืจื•ืคื ืœืจืคืื•ืช ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืงืจื ื•ืจื•ืคื ื™ืจืคื ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ื•ืื›ืชื™ ืžื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื” ืœื›ื“ืืžืจืŸ ืœืžื™ืชื ื™ ื‘ื™ื” ืงืจื ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืื ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืžื ืงืจื ืื• ืจืคื ืจืคื ืื• ื™ืจืคื ื™ืจืคื ืžืื™ ื•ืจืคื ื™ืจืคื ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ืžืฉื›ื—ืช ืœื”ื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ื”ื™ื›ื™ ืžืฉื›ื—ืช ืœื”ื• ืฆืขืจ ื›ื“ืงืชื ื™ ืฆืขืจ ื›ื•ื•ืื• ื‘ืฉืคื•ื“ ืื• ื‘ืžืกืžืจ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืฆืคื•ืจื ื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื“ื”ื•ื” ื›ืื™ื‘ ืœื™ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื•ืกืœื™ืง ื•ืื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ื” ืกืžื ื—ืจื™ืคื ื•ืื—ื•ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฉืจื™ื” ื“ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื•ืชื‘ื™ ืœื™ื” ืกืžื ืœืื ืงื•ื˜ื™ื” ื’ื•ื•ื ื ื“ื‘ื™ืฉืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืช ื“ื”ื“ืงื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ื•ืฉืช ื“ืจืง ืœื™ื” ื‘ืืคื™ื”:

ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื‘ืืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืื ืฆืขืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืชืœื ืื• ืœื. ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜.
ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื "ื›ื•ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ื™ื”" ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ื "ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืชื—ืช ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”" ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžืคืกื™ืง ื‘"ืคืฆืข ืชื—ืช ืคืฆืข".
ืื ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜, ืฉืขื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืœื, ื•ืœืœื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื ืžืฉืœื, ื•ืื ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืฉืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืฆืขืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื–ืง.
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื•ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ืœื ืื™ื ื” ืืœื ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื›ื”, ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืคื•ื’ืข ืื“ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื™ื” ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืฆืข ืื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื›ื›ืœืœ, ืืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื™ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืœืœ.
ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœืž"ื“ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื•ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืฆืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื›ื•ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ื™ื”" "ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืชื—ืช ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”" "ืคืฆืข ืชื—ืช ืคืฆืข".

ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื
ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ื‘ืืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื (ื“"ื” ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜):

ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืคืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืืฃ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืŸ ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ื"ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืœ"ืœ ื"ืœ ืฉืœื ืชืžืขื˜ ืžืคืจื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ื•ืชืชืŸ ืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืขืœื” ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื"ืœ ืจ' ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ. ื"ืœ ืื™ื›ื ื“ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื›ื ื“ืœื ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื, ื•ื“ืœื ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžื” ื ืคืฉืš ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืืข"ืค ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื ืž"ืž ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื ืฉื•ื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ื›ื›ืœืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืข"ื› ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืื‘ื™ ื–"ืœ.

ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™' ื›ืœื™. ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืจื˜ ืชืœื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ื›ื— ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื. ืื ื”ื›ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกืžื•ื›ื™ืŸ, ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื™ืชืจื—ืง ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜.
ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ ืื—ื“ ื”ื ืœื›ื•"ืข. ืœืž"ื“ ื“ื ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ื•ืœืž"ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืชืจื—ืง ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜, ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื‘ืืจ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ืœืž"ื“ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ืžื“ื•ืข ืืคื•ื ื ืชืจื—ืงื•. ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื•:

ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื” ื›ืœืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืืŸ ืคืจื˜, ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืงืจ ื•ืฆืืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืœื, ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฉืจ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืขืœืช ื”ืขืœืช, ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ืขืฉืจ ืื—ื™ื–ืชื ืžืฉื ืž"ืž ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืืฆืœื ืืฆืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฉืจ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื“"ืก ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืฉื ื’ื ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืค' ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื™ื ืืžืจื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ื ื“ืชื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื‘ ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืœื, ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื™ ื•ื˜ืžื ื–' ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื™ ืœื™ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ, ืจื‘ื ืืžืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืค' ื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืฆื”, ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœื ืชืืคื” ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืคื™ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืœื ืืžืจ ืืคื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื”"ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืชื™ืžื ื”ื•ื ืœืž"ื“ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืืžืื™ ื ืชืจื—ืงื• ืืœื ืข"ื› ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชืืžืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืกืชืœืง ืขืœืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ื ื›ื— ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืืค"ื” ืฉื ืชืจื—ืง ื•ื ืกืชืœืง ืจื—ืžื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜, ื•ืœืž"ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื˜ืขื” ืื“ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื–ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืงืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜. ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื‘ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืข"ื” ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืงื•ืžื” ืจืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ.

ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืืฃ ืฉื ืชืจื—ืง ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜.
ื”ื›ืœืœ ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืขืœืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ืกืชืœืง ื•ืขืœื” ื•ื ืชืจื—ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœืœ ื•ืœื ืœืคืจื˜ ื›ื— ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜. ื›ืŸ ืœืž"ื“ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜.
ืœืž"ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืืŸ ื“ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•.
ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื•ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื. ื–ื” ืขื•ืžืง ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืง ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœื•.

ื›ื•ื™ื”
ื‘ืกืคืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืž"ื– ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ืจ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืž' 512) ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฉืจืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ื•ื™ื”" ื”ื•ื "ื›ื™" ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ืคืœืื”.
ื›ืš ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืขื™ื” (ื’', ื›"ื“):

ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื•ืชื—ืช ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื ืงืคื” ื•ืชื—ืช ืžืขืฉื” ืžืงืฉื” ืงืจื—ื” ื•ืชื—ืช ืคืชื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžื—ื’ืจืช ืฉืง ื›ื™ ืชื—ืช ื™ืคื™.

ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขื ืฉ "ื™ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืœื›ื ื” ื ื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงืจื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื" ื•ื’ื•'. ื”ืกื™ื•ื "ื›ื™ ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืคื™" ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืคืกื•ืง ื—ืกืจ ื”ื•ื, ื›ืš ืคืจืฉ"ื™:

ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืชื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื•.

ืื‘ืœ ืื‘"ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ:

ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉืžื™ืœืช ื›ื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื›ื•ื™ื”.

ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื•ืœื“ืขืชื• ื”ื•ื™"ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ.
ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืž"ื– ื›ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื. ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืžื– ืœืคืกื•ืง ื›ื•ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ื™ื”, ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื›ื™ ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืคื™", ืฉื”ื›ื•ื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื—ืฆื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื "ื›ื›ื•ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ื›ื•ื™ื”".
ื ืจืื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืง

ื›ื™ ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืคื™

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ื™ ืจื•ืžื– ืœื›ื•ื™ื”, ืžื‘ื˜ื ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ืœืœื™1 ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื›ืœืœื™.
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืš ื•ืžื›ื•ืขืจ.
ื‘ืกืคืจ ืงื”ืœืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื™ื” ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื•ื”"ืš.
ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื” ืœื›ื•ื™ื”. ื›ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœืืฉ. "ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืชื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืœื ืืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื".
ืฉื ื™ื•ื”"ืš ืขื•ืœื” ืžืก"ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื›ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื• ื™ืฆื•ื” ืœืš ืœืฉืžืจืš" ื•ื’ื•' ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืžืœืืš ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืืœื•ืงื™.
ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืจืืฉื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืจื‘ื™ื", ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ืžืžื•ื–ื’ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ื’ื“ืจ ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื“ืจื’ืชื•. ืืœื• ื”ื ื‘ื—ื™' ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืงืจื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืœ"ืืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื” ื”ื•ื".

ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื
ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืžืคื’ืข ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™, ื›ื™ ืื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื›ืœืœ.
ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืคืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”2 ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” "ื—ื‘ืจ ื•-ื”" ื›ืฉื ืฉื›ื•ื™ื” ืจื•ืžื– ืœื›"ื• (ืฉื ื”ื•ื™'), ื›ืš ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืจื•ืžื– ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื”ื•ื™' ื•-ื”.
ื™-ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ "ื›ืœืœ" ืฉื”ืจื™ ืจื•ืžื– ืœืื•"ื, ื•ืฉื ื•-ื” ื”ื•ื "ืคืจื˜" ื”ืจื•ืžื– ืœื–ื•"ืŸ
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืคืฆืข.
ื•ื›ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืžืžื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืื•ืจื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืงืจื‘ื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื›ื•ื™ื”. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื•ื™ื”.

ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื–ืื™ ืื ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ืื• ืœื ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื›ื•ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™' ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื’ื ื‘ืœื ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืงื™ ื›ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฆืขืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื• ืฉืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ื ื–ืง ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืื– ื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆืขืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืจืš ื”ื ื–ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง, ืฆืขืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ื•.
ืœื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืื™ ืฉื“ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื–ืง ืžืžืฉื™. ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™-ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•-ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
ื”ื›ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืจืžื–ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™-ื”, ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืจืง ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื ืจืžื–ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•-ื”, ืื• ืื– ื“ื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืฆืขืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื ื–ืง.
ืœืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื“ื ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื, ื›ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื”ืฆืขืจ ื’ื ื›ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฆืขืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื™"ืœ ืฉื›ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื™' ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืืจืช ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจื˜ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืžื–ืช ืœืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื”ื•ื™' ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืจื˜.


 

1 ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ "ื›ื™" ื•"ืขื•ืจ", ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื—ืฉื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
2 ืขื™' ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื—ืœืง ื ื“ืฃ ื›ื/ื: "ืชืจื™ืŸ ืืชื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœืื™ืŸ ื“ืืชื›ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื™"ื”, ืืชื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื•"ื”, ืืœื™ืŸ ืจืชื™ื›ื ืœืืœื™ืŸ".
ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจืž"ื– ืขืœ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ื™ืงืจื โ€“ ืขืžื•ื“ 473: "ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืืžืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืื“ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืจืžื– ืœื–ื•ื•ื’ ืื•"ื ืฉื”"ืก ื™"ื”, ื•ื‘ืฆืœืžื ื• ื›ื“ืžื•ืชื ื•, ื”ื ื–ื•"ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื•"ื”. ื•ื”ืจื™ ืœืš ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืขืœ ืž"ืฉ ื›ืœ".
ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื—ืœืง ื ืคืจืง ื›ื: "ื•ื”ืจืžื– ืœื–ื” ื–"ื” ืฉืž"ื™ ืœืขืœ"ื ื•ื–"ื” ื–ื›ืจื™, ืฉืžื™ ืขื ื™"ื” ื”ืจื™ ืฉืก"ื”, ื–ื›ืจื™ ืขื ื•"ื” ื”ืจื™ ืจืž"ื—".
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืฉืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ื”' ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื˜ ืฉื ืืžืจ "ื”' ืฉืžืš ืœืขื•ืœื ื”' ื›ืจืš ืœื“ื•ืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจ" ืฉื”ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืืœื™ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœืขื•ืœื", ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืืœื™ื• ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื“ื•ืจ" ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™"ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ.
ืกืคืจ ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืื™ืจ โ€“ ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื’ืฉ: "ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ (ื—"ื ืงืกื, ื‘), ืฉื“ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืง (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืœื”, ื“) ื›ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื• ื™"ื”. ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื ืžืืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจ ืœืžืืŸ, ืื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจ ืœื™ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืจ ืœื™ื” ืœืงื•ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื, ืืœื ืžืžื” ื“ื’ืœื™ ืงืจื ื™ื“ืขื ื ื“ืงื•ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื™ืœ ืœื™ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืขื“ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•', ืชื ื—ื–ื™ ื”ื›ื™, ื ืžื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืจ ืื—ืกื ืชื™ื” ื•ืขื“ื‘ื™ื” ืœื—ื•ืœืงื™ื”, ื•ืกืœื™ืง ืœืขื™ืœื ืžื›ืœ ื“ืจื’ื™ืŸ, ืข"ื›. ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื•, ื ืจืื” ืœืจืžื•ื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื“ื ืœื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ (ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื—) ืื™ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืงื“ื™ืžืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขื“ ื”' ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื ื‘ื ื” ื•ื ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉื ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ื•ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื ืงื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืืžื™ืฅ, ืข"ืฉ, ื•ื˜ืจื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืžืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ืืœื”ื•ืช, ืœื ื ื‘ื ื” ื•ื ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื“ื™ืžืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืœื‘ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœ, ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจ, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจื˜, ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœืœ (ื " ื–ื•ื”"ืง ื—"ื‘ ื’, ื), ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื‘ื ื” ื•ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื• ื™"ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืงื•ืœ, ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื• ื™"ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื”' ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคื”, ื”ืžื” ื‘' ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•"ื”, ื•ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืžื™"ื”, ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื• ื‘' ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื™"ื”, ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื“ื‘ืง ื™"ื” ื‘ื•"ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืžื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื ื•ื›ื•', ืืœื ืžืžื” ื“ื’ืœื™ ืงืจื ื™ื“ืขื ื ื“ืงื‘"ื” ื ื˜ื™ืœ ืœื™ื” ืœืขื“ื‘ื™ื” ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื ืžื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืจืจ ืื—ืกื ืชื™ื” ื•ืขื“ื‘ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'. ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืœืงื“ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื‘"ื”, ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžืชื ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื“' ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืฉื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื“' ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื™"ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข (ืข"ื— ืฉืขืจ ืžื” ืคื™"ื’)".
ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ ืขื ืฉื ื™-ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืก"ื” ืœ"ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื–ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ ืขื ื™-ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืž"ื— ืขืฉื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื”. ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™' ืคืจื˜ ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœืœ.
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื›ื•ื™ื” ืฉื ื™-ื” ืจื•ืžื– ืœื›ืœืœ ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื•-ื” โ€“ ืจื•ืžื– ืœืคืจื˜. ื•ื–ื” ื™-ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื•-ื”, ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื•ื–ื” "ื ืขืฉื” ืื“ื" ื›ืœืœ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, "ื‘ืฆืœืžื ื• ื›ื“ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•" โ€“ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™-ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•-ื”.

 

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *