ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ โ€“ ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืก"ื‘ (ืข"ื‘) โ€“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื”ืณ ื‘ืื‘ ื”ืณืชืฉืดืž
 
18/07/1980

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืœืžื“ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืข"ืค ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื•.

ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ

ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ: ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืž"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ" ื•ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื•. ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ื“ื—ื” ืื• ืœื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ
ืžื™ื“ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ" ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื”.

 

ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื

ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืก"ื‘ ืข"ื‘):

ืžืฉื ื”. ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ืžืžื“ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืžืฉื”, ืฉืžื“ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื—
ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื“ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ืื™ื ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืืœื ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“โ€ฆ
ื’ืžืจื. ืฉืžื“ืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ื›ื•'. ืžื ื ื”ื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™, ื“ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื‘) "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข", ื›ืœืœ, "ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื”", ืคืจื˜, "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื‘ื™ื“ื”", ื—ื–ืจ
ื•ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื™ ืืชื” ื“ืŸ ืืœื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜, ืžื” ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืžื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆืื• ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆืื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
ืฉื”ื•ืงืฉื• ืœืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ื™ืฆืื• ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื ื”ืงื“ืฉ, "ืจืขื”ื•" ื›ืชื™ื‘. ืื™ ืžื” ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืœืชื• ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ืžื’ืข ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ืืฃ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืœืชื•
ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ืžื’ืข ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืœืโ€ฆ ื•ืื™ืžื ืœืืชื•ื™ื™ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื“ืฉื” ื“ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ืžืื™ื ื“ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื• ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื“ืœื ืžื˜ืžืื™ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืื‘ื™ืช
ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ืœื, "ื›ืœ" ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื.

ืžืŸ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ" ืžืžืขื˜ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืฉ. ืื•ืœื, ื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” (ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ืžืื™ื),
ื•ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ืœ", ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื‘ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช (ื“"ื” "ืืœื ื›ืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื") ื”ืชืงืฉื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื‘ื” ืคืชื—ื” ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", ื•ืชื™ืจืฆื•:

ืืฃ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื“ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ืจื™ืฉ ืœื”ื• ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ืœืื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื“ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื ื”ื›ื™, ืืœื ืžืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืžื•ืŸ,
ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.

ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืชืžื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื™? ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ "ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืขื" ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช
ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™.

ื•ืขื•ื“. ื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื“ืจืฉื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื”!

ืืžื ื, ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื”ื”. ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื "ื– ืข"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืž"ื‘ ืข"ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืœื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื”
ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžืกืงื ื”1.

 

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื (ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืžืกื›ืชื ื“ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ืคืจืฉื” ื˜"ื•):

"ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข", ื›ืœืœ, "ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื”", ืคืจื˜, ืื• ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื‘ื“ื”
ืืฉืจ ื™ืืžืจ", ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ืื• ื›ืœืœ ื›ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืžืจืช ืœืื•, ืืœื ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ืื™ ืืชื” ื“ืŸ ืืœื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜, ืžื” ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™
ืืœื ื ื›ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.

ืžืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื“ืจืฉื• ืชื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื. ืืฃ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืงื“ืง ืฉืœื ืืžืจื” ื”ื’ืžืจื (ื‘ื’ื™ืจืกื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ืœื ื›ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช) "ืืœื ื›ืœ
ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื". ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื” ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื ืฉืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ืœ".

ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืžืฉื ื”:

ืืžืจื• ื‘ืกืคืจื "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข" ื›ืœืœ, "ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื” ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื”" ืคืจื˜, "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื‘ื“ื”" ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื™ ืืชื” ื“ืŸ ืืœื
ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜. ืžื” ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืžื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ ื•ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆืื• ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ, ื™ืฆืื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฉื• ืœืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ื™ืฆืื• ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืืฃ
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ. ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืœืš ืฉืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœืžืกืงื ื”.

ืืฃ ืจืก"ื’, ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืžื™ื“ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื ืฉืืจื” ื’ื ืœืžืกืงื ื”.

ืื•ืœื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืจืก "ืืœื ื›ืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื", ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ื—ืชื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื”, ื•ืžืกืงื ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืœืžื“ ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ื•ืœื ืž"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ".

 

ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช, ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•.

ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืฉืช ืชื ืื™ื, ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืื•ืชื”, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืชื—ืชื™ื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืงื ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื”ื™ื ื”'ื ื›ื•ื ื”', ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืคืœืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืžืคืœืคืœืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืจืื™ื” ืืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช), ืฉื”ืชืขืœื ืžืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืžืจื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™
ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื.

ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.

ืื ื• ื ื ืกื” ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: ืžื—ื“, ื ื ืกื” ืœื‘ืืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื. ืžืื™ื“ืš ื ื ืกื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช
ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.

ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ "ืขึตื“ื•ึผืช ื”' ื ึถืึฑืžึธื ึธื” ืžึทื—ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืžึทืช ืคึผึถืชึดื™" (ืชื”ืœื™ื ื™"ื˜, ื—') โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื›ื™ืžืช ืคืชื™. ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ื’ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืงื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื ื™ืขืžื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™
ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืขื ื” ืžืกืคืง ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื” ืืžืช ืฆื“ืงื• ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ืขืžืœ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ืงื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื”ืขืžืงื” ื–ื• ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ
ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืžื—ื›ื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

 

"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ"

ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืจืง ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืกืชืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื›ืœ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื’ื ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื”
ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื›ืš2.

ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืคืกื•ืง, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจืฉื”. ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืชืชื’ืœื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”.

ื”ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื• (ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช, ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช), ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜", "ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", "ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ื ืกื”
ืœื‘ืืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชื ื•:

ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜. ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ืชืจ ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืชืคืืจืช ืคืจื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคืจื˜, ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ืชืจ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ
ื‘ืชืคืืจืช3. ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืžืช ืฉื”ื›ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืชืคืืจืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืขืช ืื ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ืขืชโ€ฆ
ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืชืคืืจืช ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช4. ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชื” ืืœื™ื• ืชืงื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื,
ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืคื ื™ื• ื—ืžื™ ื‘ืžืื™ ื‘ืจื ืืชื™ื ื ืงืžืšโ€ฆ
ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื™ ืืชื” ื“ืŸ ืืœื ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜. ื›ื™ ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืชืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคืืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืจื˜ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืฉืจืฉื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื
ื“ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื™ืกื•ื“ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืžื™ืกืจ ื•ื’ื•ืžืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื‘ื—ืจโ€ฆ

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืชืจ, ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืชืคืจื˜ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืืจืช, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช.

ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ืžืจื, ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื: "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข". ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืกื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื’ืจืกืช ืชื•ืก') ืฉืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ". ื”ืื
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื›ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข"? ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืข ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ื•ื—ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื”, ื•ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืืช
ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ืกื“, ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืจื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจืข ื•ื”ื—ื˜ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื5.

ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ืกื“, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื•ื’ื•ืžืœ ื—ืกื“ ืขื ื–ื•ืœืชื•. ืื•ืœื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื’ื ืืช
ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช โ€“ ืื“ื ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ ื—ืกื“ ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื”ืงื• ืฉืœ "ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœืš ืฉืœืš", ื•ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ืžืงื• ื–ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•
ืœืจื›ื•ืฉื•6.

 

ืื•ืœื, ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข" ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", ื•ืœื’ื™ืจืกืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ืœืžืกืงื ื”. ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืชืชื‘ืืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™
ื”ื–ื•ื”"ืง (ื—"ื’ ืงืฆ"ื— ืข"ื, ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื).

"ื•ื™ืจื ื‘ืœืง". ืจ' ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืคืชื—: "ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”' ืฉืžืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืขืฉื• ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืฆื“ืงืชื™ ืœื”ื’ืœื•ืช". ื›ืžื” ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”, ืืฃ
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื—ื˜ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื•, ื•ื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื•ืขืช, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืš ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ื ื ืกื‘ื: ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”. ืื—ื“
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•'. ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฆื. ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ืŸ ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื™ื“ื”. ืžื”ื• ื”ื˜ืขื, ืืœื ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉื’ื’ื•ืช.
ื•ืืœื• ืฉืกื“ืจื• ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืขืจื™ื ื›ืš ืกื“ืจื•, ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืงื—ื•, ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข" ื•ื–ื”ื• ืคืฉืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื, "ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื”" โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื
ืฉื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืืœื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. "ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื”" โ€“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื. "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื‘ื“ื”" โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื‘ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.

ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ื• ืคื•ืชื— ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืžืฉืคื˜" โ€“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, "ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื™ ืœื‘ื•ื"7. ืกื“ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื›ืช ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื’ื’ื•ืช, ื•ืžื›ื— ื–ื” ื‘ืื” ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื•ืœืขื•ืœื.

ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืกื•ืง "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข". "ืคืฉืข" ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื˜ื ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืฉื’ื’ื” ื•ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช8. ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง
ื”ื™ื, ืืคื•ื, ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืคืฉืข, ืœืฉื’ื’ื”. ืžื“ื•ืข, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืข ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ "ืขึธืฉื‚ึธื” ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื™ึธืฉืึธืจ" (ืงื”ืœืช ื–',
ื›"ื˜), ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื“ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื—ื˜ื ืœื‘ื•ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ื˜ืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืงื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ, ืืœื ื‘ืฉื’ื’ื”, ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ืื—ืจ ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื‘ืขื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจ.

ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืกื•ื“ืจื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ9.

 

ื ืžืฆื, ืืคื•ื, ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืง "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข" ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื•ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืื“ืจื‘ื”, ืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืขืจืื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื’ื
ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืžืงื•ืจื ืžืืช ื”', "ื™ื•ึนืฆึตืจ ืื•ึนืจ ื•ึผื‘ื•ึนืจึตื ื—ึนืฉืึถืšึฐ ืขึนืฉื‚ึถื” ืฉืึธืœื•ึนื ื•ึผื‘ื•ึนืจึตื ืจึธืข" (ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ืž"ื”, ื–')10 ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืจืข, ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืŸ, ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”' ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืกื•ืง "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข" ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื’ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื›ืœืœื™ื: "ืขืœ
ืฉื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื” โ€“ ื“ื ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื, ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื” โ€“ ื“ื ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื". ื”ืฉื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื’ื— ื•ืžื–ื™ืง, ืืœื ื”ื•ื "ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื" โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจืข ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืฉืœ
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื ื–ืงื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื ืžืืช ื”', ื•ื”ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื•ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”' ื”ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื“ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื’ื’ื•ืช.

ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืชืจ, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช
ื”ืืœื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื ืจืื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื”ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื•ืคืจื˜ ืžืชื’ืœื” ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ
ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•.

 

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืžืจื, ื•ืืœื• ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ืจืง ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืœืžื“ืช ืฉื”ืจืข ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช
ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชื ื•, ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ". ืจืง ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื’ื ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“
ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื•, ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืข ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ืขืฆืžื™, ืืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช "ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", ืœื ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื.

 


 

 

1 ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื (ื "ื“ ืข"ื‘) ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื”: "ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžื”โ€ฆ ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ", ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: "ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ 'ืขืœ ื›ืœ
ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื™ืขื”", ื•ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ". ื›ืš ืคื™ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืฆืช ืฉื: "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข ื›ืœืœ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ื“ื”ืชื
ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ". ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช, ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉื ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชื ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืคื ื” ืœื‘ื‘ื ืžืฆื™ืขื,
"ื“ื”ืชื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ".
ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืฉื (ืื•ืช ืจ') ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืฉืžื˜ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ืœืœ", ื•ื ืืžืจ ืจืง "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข โ€“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื™ืขื”", ื•ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืจืกื ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉ
ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ" (ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ). ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืฉ"ื™, ืฉื›ืชื‘: "ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื›ืคืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจ ื›ื•' ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
ืคืฉื™ืขื” โ€“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืง ืžืจื•ื‘ื” (ืœืงืžืŸ ืกื‘)". ื”ืจื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœื ื’ืจืก ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื›ืœืœ", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคื ื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชื ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืกืงื ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“
ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ื•ืœื ืž"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ". ืขื•ื“ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืจืฉ"ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื›ืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื. ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืช, ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ืฉืœื ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ
ื‘ื”ืžื” ื—ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ืฃ. ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื ืกื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื•ื›ืœืœ", ื“ื•ื—ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืชื ื•, ื•ืื•ืžืจืช: "ืืœื 'ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ืžืชืš' ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ื•ื". ื”ืจื™ ืžื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื ื“ ืข"ื‘
ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘"ื›ืœืœ ื•ืคืจื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ื›ืš ืจืฉ"ื™.

2 ืจืื”: ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื•, ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช, ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืขืจ ืžืืžืจื™ ืจื–"ืœ ืœื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ. ืขื•ืœืช ืจืื™"ื” ื—"ื ืขืž' ืงืข"ื˜
ื•ื”ืœืื”.

3 ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื•" (ืื“ื™ืจ
ื‘ืžืจื•ื ืขืž' ืฆ"ื’). ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื”ืžืืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืจื• ืœื›ืชืจ, ืœื ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืœื• ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื›ืชืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืœื ื›ืคื™
ื”ื›ื ืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ. "ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ืขืช", ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืฉื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืœ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื‘ื›ื— ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ืขืช
ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ.

4 ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื ืงืจืืช ื›ืœืœ, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืืจื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช
ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”, ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ. "ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜" ืžืฉืžืขื• ื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื›ืœืœ โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืืจืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืืจืช
ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืžื ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื“ืช ื”ืชืคืืจืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื•ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ โ€“ "ื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชื” ืืœื™ื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™
ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื".
ืžืงื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืž"ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื•ื”"ืง ื—"ื’ ื™"ื‘ ืข"ื‘, ื”ืžืฉื‘ื— ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืงื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”: "ื”ื”ื•ื ืžืืŸ ื“ื–ื›ื™ ื•ืงื ื‘ืคืœื’ื•ืช ืœื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืœืขื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื, ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื
ืืฆื™ืช ืœื™ื”โ€ฆ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื ืื™ื™ืœืชื (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ืœื: ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช) ืžืชืขื˜ืจื ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ื•ืงืžืช ืงืžื™ ืžืœื›ื ื•ืืžืจืช ื—ืžื™ ื‘ืžืื™ ื‘ืจื ืืชื™ื ื ืœืงืžืš ื‘ืžืื™ ื‘ืจื ืืชืขืจื ื ืœื’ื‘ืš".
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืงืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–"ืœ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉ"ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜"
ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ืžืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ืœื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜, ืืœื ืฉื”ื›ืœืœ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ืื•
ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•. ื’ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื•, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื›ืœ, ื•ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืชื
ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืž"ืข ืžืคืื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ "ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜": ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืืฃ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™
ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.

5 ื ืจืื” ืฉืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ืกื“, ื•ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืฆื“ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”. ื”ื—ืกื“ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื–' ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช
ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•. ื‘ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.

6 ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื— ื•ืื—ื•ืชื• (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›', ื™"ื–): "ื—ึถืกึถื“ ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึฐื ึดื›ึฐืจึฐืชื•ึผ ืœึฐืขึตื™ื ึตื™ ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™
ืขึทืžึผึธื". ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืœื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” 'ื—ืกื“'.

7 ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ (ืฉื‘ืช ืœ"ื ืข"ื): "ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืช ื–ื” ืกื“ืจ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ".

8 ืขื™' ื‘ืจืฉ"ืฉ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื›"ื ืข"ื, ื”ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจืฉ"ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืคืฉื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื–ื“ื•ืŸ ืืœื ืฉื›ื—ื” ื•ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื–ื•ื”"ืง: "ื•ื”ืื™ ืคืฉืข ืื™ื”ื• ื“ืœืื• ื‘ื–ื“ื•ืŸ".

9 ืขื™' ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ "ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืกื“ืจ ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ".

10 ืขื™' ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื—"ื‘ ืขืž' ืชืข"ื˜, ืขืœ "ื”ืจืข ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื“ืจ".

 

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *