ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ืคืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื•ืณ ื‘ืชืฉืจื™ ื”ืณืชืฉืกืดื
 
05/10/2000

ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื (ื˜.)

ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื

ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ืžื”ื™ ื˜ืขื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” ืžื•ืœ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืื•ืกืจืช ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”. ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจืฆืช ืืช ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืืžื ืช ื•ืœื ื ืืกืจืช ืขืœื™ื•. ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”"ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื ื”" (ื”ืœ' ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ื— ื™ื) ืžื—' ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื•:

ื•ื“ืข ืฉืฉื ื ืชื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ืืฉื” ื ืืžื ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื›ืช ืขืฅ ืื ื™ ืื• ืžืฉืืจืกืชื ื™ ื ืื ืกืชื™ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”"ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื ืืกืจืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืื ื˜ืขื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชืจืช ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ื ืืžืŸ ืœืื•ืกืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืืœื ื‘ืžื›ื—ืฉืช ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ื ื‘ืขืœืชื™ ื"ื  ื‘ืฉื•ืชืงืช ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื“ื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื ืื ืกื” ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืชืืจืกื” ื‘ืืฉืช ื›ื”ืŸ ื"ื  ืฉื ืื ืกื” ืื—"ื› ื‘ืืฉืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืช ืขืฅ ืื ื™ ื ืืžื ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจื ื‘ื›ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื ื ื“ืœื™ื›ื ืืœื ื—ื“ื ืกืคื™ืงื ืืกื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื’ื™ื—ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื“ืขืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจ"ืž ื•ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื–"ืœ.

ื•ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืช (ื™ื ื™), ืฉื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘:

ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ืžืืชื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื”, ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”โ€ฆ

ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” (ื™ื— ื™) ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื”:

ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื• ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžืฆืื” ื“ืจื•ืกืช ืื™ืฉ ื ืืกืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกืคืง ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืขืœื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื ืืกืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ื ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื ืื—ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ื‘ืื•ื ืก ืฉืžื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ื•ืกื” ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืืจื ื•.

ื•ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืืžืŸ ืœืื•ืกืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจืฆืช ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื”, ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืืžื ืช. ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ (ื‘ืฉื•"ืช ื—"ื ืชืฉ' ืืœืฃ ืจื›ื˜ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืื™ืจื™):

ื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื“ื‘ื ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ื ืคืœื™ื’ื ืื’ืžืจื ื“ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืื ืื™ืชื ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืจื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื•ื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ืืš ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื“ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืจื™. ืืœื ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื ื“ื” ืฉืกื•ืคืจืช ืœืขืฆืžื”. ื•ื›ื“ืชื ื™ื ื ืžื™ ื‘ืคืจืง ืงืžื ื“ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช (ื™ื’ ื‘) ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืืฉื” ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืœื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืชืจ ืขื ืื—ื“ ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื” ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจื” ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื™ ืื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื ืืžื ืช. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืจืกื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื ืืžื ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื”.

ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื (ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืจ' ื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื‘ืกื™' ื™ื—):

ืื™ื ื” ื ืืกืจืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื“ื ืกืคื™ืงื ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืื™ื”ื• ืกืคืง ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืข ืœื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื“ื’ื•ืคื ื‘ืจื™ ืขื ื—ื–ืงื” ื“ื’ื•ืคื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืฉืžื ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”.

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ื‘ืืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื.

ื”ืื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ

ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืืฉื” ืข"ืค ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืื• ืœื.
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช (ืขืฉื” ืจืžื•):

ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืžื• โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื™ืช' (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื‘ ื—) "ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉืข ื•ื’ื•' ืืฉืจ ื™ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”" ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœืชื "ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื–ื”" ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื ืก ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงืฆืชื ืขืœ ืงืฆืชื ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื’' ืžืงืžื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื—' ืžืžืฆื™ืขื ื•ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืžื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. 1

ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืขืกืง ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ืชื™ื ื• ื“ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืืฉื” ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ โ€“ ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืฉืžื.
ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื:
1. ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
2. ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ื›ื’ ื˜-ื™):

ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืœืืžืชื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืชืกืชืœืง ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื–ื” ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื–ื” ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื ื• ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื”ื ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืœืืžืชื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืชืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ื ืฆื‘ ื‘ืขื“ืช ืืœ, ื•ืฉืžื ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื™ ื•ืœืฆืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ื•ืขืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื• ืจื•ืื•ืช. ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ืš ื›ืจืฉืขื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืงืจ ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื” ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื™ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืœืคื ื™ืš ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื›ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื›ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช.

ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืงืจ2, ื•ื‘ืฉืœืžื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ืคืงืจ (ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืคื˜ ื‘), ืืš ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื"ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืข"ืค ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืžื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ.
ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื“ืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืŸ "ืœืื•ืกืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื”", ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื•, ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืฉืžื.
ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉื’ื“ืจ ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืข"ืค ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืข"ืค ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืžื•ืŸ ืื™ืชื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคืงืจ ื‘ื™"ื“ ื”ืคืงืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ืžืชื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืœื ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ืืžืช. ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื“ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื” ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืขื ืชื”.

ื”ืื ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ืŸ "ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ" ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉื”

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื ืฉื ืืžื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ื—ืฉืช ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ, ื•ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื›ื— ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ. ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืกื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ืืžื ืช ื”ืืฉื” ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืืœื ืจืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืกื“ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื”.
ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืงื“ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื, ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื โ€“ "ื”ืื•ืžืจ ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื— ืžืฆืืชื™" โ€“ ื•ื–ื• ืœืฉื•ื ื• (ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ื— ื™):

ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื“ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื• ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืžืฆืื” ื“ืจื•ืกืช ืื™ืฉ ื ืืกืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกืคืง.

ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืฉื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื“ ืฉื–ื™ื ืชื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืชื”ื ื ืืžื ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืข"ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืžื“ื” ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื”, ื›ื ื“ื”, ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื ืืžื ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืืฃ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉื, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืžืฆื ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื“ืจื•ืกืช ืื™ืฉ, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื›ืš ืจื•ืžื– ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืฉื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ืกืคืง ืื™ืกื•ืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ืœืกืคืง ืกื•ื˜ื”. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืกื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืกืคืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืชื” ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฉื ืืžื™ื ื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืขืฆืžื”.
ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ืฉืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืœืืกืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืืžืจ ืจ' ืœืขื–ืจ (ื ื) ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืืกื•ืจื”:

ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉืœื™ืฉื™? ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืชื”ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉืชื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื. ื•ื™ืฉืชื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื? ืฉืœื ื™ืขืจื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืงื—. ื•ื™ืขืจื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืžืงื—? ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื“ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ: ืžืฆื ื”ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื— ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ืกื•ื˜ื”.

ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ืžื—' ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ืจ"ื ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข (ื ื•) ืžื•ื‘ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืืฉื” ื ืืžื ืช:

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืจืžื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ ืžืขืชื” ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื›ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืืœื ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื—ื–ืจ ื•ืืž' ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื ื›ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื›ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืชืงืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื™ืžืจ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืžืจืช ืžืฆื ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ื•ืชื”ื ื ืืžื ืช ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื™ืœ ื“ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ืœืขื–ืจ ืžืฆื ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื— ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ืกื•ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื ืื™ืชืžืจ ื ืืžื ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืื™ืชืžืจ ืื™ื ื” ื ืืžื ืช ืชืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื—.

ื•ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืกืชื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื. ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื ืืžื ืช, ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™:

ื•ื”ื ื“ืืžืจื™' ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ื“ื ื“ืชื™ืžื ื•ื›ื•' ืคืœื™ื’ื ืื”ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื“ื”ื›ื, ื•ืคืœื™ื’ ืื’ืžืจื ื“ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืœื ืžืคืœื™ื’ ืœืงืžืŸ ื‘ื“ืจ"ื’ ื•ืจ"ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกื•ืจื ืœืžืžื•ื ื, ื•ืื™ื“ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžืคืœื™ื’. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื™ืžื ื“ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื ืคืœื™ื’ ืืื™ื“ืš ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื“ื”ื ื‘ื—ื“ื ืกืคื™ืงื ื•ื”ื ื‘ืชืจืชื™ ืกืคื™ืงื, ืž"ืž ื‘ื’ืž' ื“ื™ืœืŸ ืœื ืžืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ื ืกืคื™ืงื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื™ ืกืคื™ืงื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืืžื ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืื™ื›ื ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืฉืžื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจ.

ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืขื ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืื™ื ื” ื ืืžื ืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืืจ ื”"ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื—" ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ื—"ื, ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืื” ื™ื— ื™):

ื•ื–ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืชื”ื ื ืืžื ืช [ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉืชื”ื ื ืืžื ืช ื‘ืื•ืžืจืช ืžืฆื ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืฉื•ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจื ืœืžืžื•ืŸ, ื“ื–ื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœืขื™ืœ ื›ืžื•ืฉ"ื› ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ] ื“ืชื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉืืจืชื ื™ ื ืื ืกืชื™ ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืืžื ืช, ื•ืžืฉื ื™: ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื™ืœ [ืฉืชื”ื ื ืืžื ืช ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ] ื“ืืžืจ ืจ' ืื™ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื ืžืฆื ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื— ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ืกื•ื˜ื”, ื•ื"ื› ืืฃ ืื ืชื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉืืจืกืชื ื™ ื ืื ืกืชื™ ืื• ืžื•ื›ืช ืขืฅ ืื ื™, ื’"ื› ื™ื”ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ืกื•ื˜ื” ื•ื›ืžื• ื“ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื' ื•ื›ื•ืœื”ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื ื“ืืžืจ ืจ"ื ื‘ืฉื ืจ"ื ืžืฆื ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื— ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื™ืžื” ื•ื›ื•', ื•ืคืจื™ืš ืข"ื–: ืชืžืŸ ืื™ืชืžืจ ืื™ื ื” ื ืืžื ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืื™ืชืžืจ ื ืืžื ืช, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื˜ืขื ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœื™ื ืข"ื› ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื“ืืกื•ืจื” ืจืง ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ื•ืืžืื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉืชื• ืžืฆื ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ ืื™ื ื” ื ืืžื ืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ืืžื ืช ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืฉื ื™: ืชืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื”ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื— ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืจืง ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืžืฉืืจืกืชื ื™ ื ืื ืกืชื™ ืื• ืžื•ื›"ืข ืื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ ื ื’ื“ ืฉืžื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉืชื• ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืฆื ืื• ืฉื”ืคืชื— ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘, ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืชืจื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืžืฉ"ื› ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื.


1 ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืžื ื™ืŸ" ืขืœ ืกืคื”ืž"ืฆ ืœืจืžื‘"ื: "ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉืฆื•ื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืœื ืชื‘ืข, ื“ื"ื› ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืฆื•ื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ืข ื•ื ืชื‘ืข; ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืชืฉืคื•ื˜ ืขืžื™ืชืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื‘ื™"ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืข"ืค ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืืคื™' ื‘ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ื”" ืข"ืฉ. ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื‘ื™"ื“ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืข"ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืื• ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
2 ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื•ืจืฉ"ื™ ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžืืžืจ ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ (ื• ื‘): "ืฉืžื ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื™ ื‘ืฆืขืจ ื”ื–ื”? ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ (ื“ื”"ื™ ื‘ ื™ื˜ ื•): "ืขืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜" โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื• ืจื•ืื•ืช". ืจืฉ"ื™ ืคื™ืจืฉ: "ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ โ€“ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ "ืขืžื›ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜" ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืขื ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื, ืฉืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื”ื โ€“ ืขืžื›ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืฉืคื•ื˜ื• ื•ืœื ืชื™ืขื ืฉื•", ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืข"ืค ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืกืง ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืžื”ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืงืจ ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื•ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉ"ื› ื‘ื‘"ืž ื‘ ื, ืฉื ื”ืืจื›ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *