ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืืจืฅ โ€“ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื” ื˜'

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื˜ืดื– ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”ืณืชืฉืกืดื“
 
02/09/2004

ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืืจืฅ

ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื” ื–ื™ืžื ื ื—ื“ื ื”ื•ื” ืื–ืœื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืกืคื™ื ืชื, ื•ื—ื–ื™ื ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืคืจื ื“ืงืื™ื ืขื“ ืงืจืฆื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืจื™ืฉื™ื” ื‘ืจืงื™ืข, ื•ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืช ืœืืงื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ื ืคืง ื‘ืช ืงืœื ื•ืืžืจ ืœืŸ ืœื ืชื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื, ื“ื ืคืœืช ืœื™ื” ื—ืฆื™ืฆื ืœื‘ืจ ื ื’ืจื ื”ื ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™, ื•ืœื ืงื ืžื˜ื™ื ืืืจืขื, ื•ืœืื• ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื ืคื™ืฉื™ ืžื™ื ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืจื“ืคื™ ืžื™ื. ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืืฉื™ ื”ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื– ืฉื“ื™ ื”ื•ื, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•'ื–ื™ื– ืฉื“ื™ ืขืžื“ื™'.
ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื”, ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขื“ ืงืจืกื•ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื, ื•ืจืืฉื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืืžืจื ื•, ืื™ืŸ (ื”ืจื‘ื”) ืžื™ื, ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืจื“ืช ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•. ื•ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื ื•: ืœื ืชืจื“ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื ืคืœ ืœื• ื’ืจื–ืŸ ืœื ื’ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื, ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืจื•ื“ืคื™ื (ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื”ืจ) ื”ืžื™ื. ืืžืจ ืจ' ืืฉื™, ืื•ืชื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ "ื–ื™ื– ืฉื“ื™" ื”ื•ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ื•ื–ื™ื– ืฉื“ื™ ืขืžื“ื™' (ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจืงื™ืข ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื "ืขืžื“ื™").

ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืื’ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ. ืžื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ?
ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื1:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ: ื ื”ืจ, ืฆืคื•ืจ ื•ืงื“ืจื”. ื ื”ืจ, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ 'ื”ื ื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืืœื™ื” ื›ื ื”ืจ ืฉืœื•ื'. ืฆืคื•ืจ, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ 'ื›ืฆืคืจื™ื ืขืคื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื™ื’ืŸ ื”' ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื•ื’ื•". ืงื“ืจื”, ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ 'ื”' ืชืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืœื ื•'.

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ื? ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ืœืืจืฅ, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื โ€“ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ืžื”ืจ"ืœ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœืื’ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื›ื•ืชื‘2:

ื“ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืฃโ€ฆ
ื•ืจ"ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื™ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืงืจืกื•ืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื• ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืžืชืช ืฆื•ืจืชื• [ืฉืœ] ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”. ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืืฉื™ ื–ื”ื• ื–ื™ื– ืฉื“ื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ 'ื•ื–ื™ื– ืฉื“ื™ ืขืžื“ื™', ืจ"ืœ ื›ื™ ืฉืืจ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื“ ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืœื™ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ืœื ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœ.
ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืฆื“ ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืจืืฉื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื.

ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”"ืขื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™" ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืš ืฉืจืืฉื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืš, ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”, ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื” ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžืื—ื“ืช ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ.
"ืฉืœื•ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ" ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืื•ืชื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืื—ื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”.
ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื›ืืŸ?
ื ืจืื” ืœื‘ืืจ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื3, ืฉื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื”ื ืกืชืจ, ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื”.
ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื”, ื•ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื, ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื”4.
ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืจืฆื• ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื "ืžืขืžืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืื‘ื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืคืœืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ื”"5, ื•ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื, ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืืช ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”.
ื”ื ืจืื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉืจืืฉื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ ืงืจืกื•ืœื™ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื” โ€“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.
ืื•ืœื, ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื. ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ? ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ ืฉื ืคืœ ืœื™ื. ื ื‘ืืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ6.
"ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื ื‘ืจืื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื"7. ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื”, ืฉื”ื ืฉื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืข, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืืš ื”ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœ ืœื”ืฉื’ืชื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ.
ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœ"ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืจื"8, ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ื•ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ืฉื’ืชื ื•. ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืืจืฅ, ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™.
ืžื“ื•ืข? "ืžืฉื•ื ื“ืจื“ืคื™ ืžื™ื", ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื”ืœื›ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืžืกืชืขืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ ื•ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ืžืจื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ื”ืžืขืฉื™.
ื‘ืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื”, ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.

ืื’ื“ื” ื–ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื” ืžืขืœื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ืœืฉื"9:

ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืœื” ื ืคืฉื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืขืžื™ืงื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• (ืฉืœ ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ) ื–"ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืื™, ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืคืฆื ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืชื ืœืกื‘ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืชื•ืจืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ ื–"ืœ, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืกืชืจื™ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื—"ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื”ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื. ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืœืกืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื’ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื• ื™ืช"ืฉ ืืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™' ื"ืก ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืฉื™ื” ืœื‘ื“โ€ฆ
ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื•ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืžื– ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื”. ื‘ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื™ืช"ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ืœ ืžืื™ื–ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืžืื™ื–ื” ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื•ื’ืฉืžื™ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืืœื”ื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจ ื›ื ื•ื“ืข. ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื›ื ื” ืฉื ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื™ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื—ืงื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื“ื›ืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื›ืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื‘ื“. ื•ืžืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื’ื ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื“ืขืชื™. ื›ื™ ื’ื ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”ืœื›ืชืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืจืžื– ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ืจื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฉื™ื”. ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื›ืœืœ. ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืœื”.

ื‘ืขืœ ื”"ืœืฉื" ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
ืืžื ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”10:

ืืžื ื ืื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจืžื—"ืœ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื’ืจ"ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•.

ืืฃ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื”ืœืš ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ, ื•ื‘ื™ืืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื11.
ืืฃ ืื ื• ืื•ื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ, ืฉืงืจื ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื”, ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžึดื™ึผึทื ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžืขืฉื™. ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื”.
ื“ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ืœืฉื", ืฉื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื™ืฉื ื” ื ื˜ื™ื” ืœืื“ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืื™ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช. "ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™, ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื–ื”". ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืื’ื•ืื™ื–ื. ื”ืื“ื ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื•, ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืืœื™ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ "ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœื ืœืžื˜ื”". ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื•, ืืฃ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ืžื“.
ื”ืžืชืจื’ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืš, ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ื™ืช', ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• ืฉ"ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื", ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืื•ืœื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจืง ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื, ื•ืœื ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื.
ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”"ืœืฉื", ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื”.
ืคืขืžื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืื•ืžืจ "ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš", ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื "ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืจื‘ื•ื ืจื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช", ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ื•ืžืกืชืขืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช. ื”ื’ืจื–ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงืจืงืข ืืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.

ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ โ€“ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขืฉื™, ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื”. ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช, ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืืœื”. ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื•ืคืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื”, ืืœ ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•, ื•ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื•ืจื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžืงื™ืคื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.


1 ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื "ื• ืข"ื‘.
2 ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื—"ื’ ืขืž' ืฆ"ื’.
3 ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืชืงื•"ื– ื‘' ืข"ื‘ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืื’ื“ื” ืืฆืœื ื•, ืขื™ื™"ืฉ, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื•"ื–. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื•"ื– ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘"ืคืจื“ืก ืจืžื•ื ื™ื" ืœื”ืจืž"ืง ื–"ืœ, ืฉืขืจ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืขืจืš "ืงืจืกื•ืœ".
4 ืข" ืชืงื•"ื– ืข"ื’ ืข"ื‘, ื•ืื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™"ื” ื', ืื’' ืฆ"ื”, ื•ื—"ื‘ ืื’' ืชืจ"ื‘.
5 ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืจืื™"ื” ืขืž' 437.
6 ื‘ืชืงื•"ื– ืžื•ื‘ื: "ื•ื—ื–ื ืœื”ื”ื™ื ืฆืคืจื ื“ื™ืžื" ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื "ื‘ืžื™ื" โ€“ ื‘ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื.
7 ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›"ื ืข"ื‘.
8 ืขื™' ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื” ื ' ืข"ื‘ "ื•ืœื™ืช ื ื’ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืจ ื ื’ืจ ื“ื™ืคืจืงื™ื ื”", ื•ื‘ืจืฉ"ื™: "ื—ื›ื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื›ืโ€ฆ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจืฆื”โ€ฆ".
9 ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืข"ื” ื—"ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”' ืกื™ืžืŸ ื–', ื—'.
10 ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขืž' ืจืค"ื– ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื” ืชื›"ื‘.
11 ื•ืขื™' ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช ืจืื™"ื” ื' ืื’ืจืช ืž"ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ, "ื•ื’ื ืื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื ื™ ื—ืคืฅ ืœืžื ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื’ืœื™ืžื™ื” ื–"ืœ, ื•ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืคื™ ืžืขื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™".

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *