ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื’ื ื‘?

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื“ืณ ื‘ืžืจื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืณืชืฉืกืดื’
 
10/10/2002

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื’ื ื‘?

ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื”, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื— ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื: "ื—ืžืฉื” ื‘ืงืจ ื™ืฉืœื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฆืืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื”"1.
ืื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื’ืžืจื2:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ: ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื— ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื”, ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืžืžืœืื›ืชื• โ€“ ื—ืžืฉื”, ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ืžืžืœืื›ืชื• โ€“ ืืจื‘ืขื”.
ืืžืจ ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™: ื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ืœืš ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• โ€“ ื—ืžืฉื”, ืฉื” ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ืคื• โ€“ ืืจื‘ืขื”.

ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืคืจืง "ืžืจื•ื‘ื”" ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื, ื”ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืื’ื“ื”, ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ืขืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™.

ืฉื ื™ืช, ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืขื” ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”.
ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื”.
ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื•ืกืคืช ืชืฉืœื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ืœื• ืžืžืœืื›ืชื•. ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”, ืืœื ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื โ€“ ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืžื™ ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืฉื’ื ื‘ ื‘ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืœืื›ื”.
ื™ืฉื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื”.
ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืžื” ืœืžืงื•ื ืคื•ืจื— ื•ืžืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื•ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘. ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื: "ื•ืžืœืื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื•ื”"3, "ื•ืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”"4, "ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื”ื• ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉืžืจื”"5, ื•ื™ื—ืก ื–ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื— ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ.

ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืฉื”, ืฉื™ืฉืœื ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื”. ืžื“ื•ืข? ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื•ืื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื”. ืจืฉ"ื™ ืžืคืจืฉ:

ืฉื” ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ืคื• ื•ื–ื™ืœื–ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื• ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ืงืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ืŸ.

ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ. ื”ืื ื’ื ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื–ืœื–ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•? ื›ืฉืื“ื ื’ื•ื ื‘ โ€“ ืื ื• ืžืงืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื•? ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ?
ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื–ืœื–ืœ ื‘ื”ื.
ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ืจ' ืืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื” ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืชื—ืฆืฃ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืจ' ืืจื™ื” ืงืจื ืœื•, ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืขืœ ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื• ืœื‘ืœ ื™ืงืจื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื‘. ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชื—ืฆืฃ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื•ืจ' ืืจื™ื” ืกื™ืœืงื• ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืš: ื”ืจ"ืž ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื ื‘ืœืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื™ืœื. ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื ืชื•ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ื” ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื•ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื” โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืคืจื”. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ืืจื” ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื’ื•ื ื‘, ืžื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘?
ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืฉื•ืจ ืœืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืฉื”, ืžืื™ืจื” ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•. ื’ื ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืื“ื, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•.
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื–ืœื–ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืคืœื• ื•ื ื›ืฉืœื• โ€“ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
"ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ื—ื” ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”"6 โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ. ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžื—ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช.
"ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช" โ€“ ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืจื™ื™ื” ื–ื”ื• ืฉื ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืจื. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืจื, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื•.
ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื. ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื ืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืื•ื™.

ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื’ืžืจื ื–ื•, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”.
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื’ื ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื‘, ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืื™ื ื” ื—ื“ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ื•ืžืชื™ ืื—ืจืช, ืžืชื™ ื ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืžืชื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื”. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
"ืจืง ืขื ื—ื›ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื" โ€“ ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืขืœื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืš ื”ื ืขืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืขืจืš ืื—ืจ.
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ื” ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจื”.


1 ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื, ืœ"ื–.
2 ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืข"ื˜ ืข"ื‘.
3 ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื', ื›"ื—.
4 ืฉื ื‘', ื”'.
5 ืฉื, ื˜"ื–.
6 ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™"ื˜ ืข"ื‘.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *