ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ

"ืฉื›ื™ืจ" "ืฉื›ื™ืจ" โ€“ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื™"ื“ ืข"ื‘

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ
ื’ืณ ื‘ืืœื•ืœ ื”ืณืชืฉืดืž
 
15/08/1980

ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ "ืฉืชื™ืง ืจื‘".

ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช
ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช: ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื•ืคืจืฉืช ืจืื”.
ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื.
ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื, ื'-ื•'):

ื•ึฐืึตืœึผึถื” ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึธืฉื‚ึดื™ื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื. ื›ึผึดื™ ืชึดืงึฐื ึถื” ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ืขึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ ืฉืึตืฉื ืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ื™ึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดืขึดืช ื™ึตืฆึตื ืœึทื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ื—ึดื ึผึธื. ืึดื ื‘ึผึฐื’ึทืคึผื•ึน ื™ึธื‘ึนื ื‘ึผึฐื’ึทืคึผื•ึน ื™ึตืฆึตื ืึดื ื‘ึผึทืขึทืœ ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึฐืึธื” ืึดืฉืึฐืชึผื•ึน ืขึดืžึผื•ึน. ืึดื ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™ื• ื™ึดืชึผึถืŸ ืœื•ึน ืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึธืœึฐื“ึธื” ืœึผื•ึน ื‘ึธื ึดื™ื ืื•ึน ื‘ึธื ื•ึนืช ื”ึธืึดืฉึผืึธื” ื•ึดื™ืœึธื“ึถื™ื”ึธ ืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœึทืื“ึนื ึถื™ื”ึธ ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ื™ึตืฆึตื ื‘ึฐื’ึทืคึผื•ึน. ื•ึฐืึดื ืึธืžึนืจ ื™ึนืืžึทืจ ื”ึธืขึถื‘ึถื“ ืึธื”ึทื‘ึฐืชึผึดื™ ืึถืช ืึฒื“ึนื ึดื™ ืึถืช ืึดืฉืึฐืชึผึดื™ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึธื ึธื™ ืœึนื ืึตืฆึตื ื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™. ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืฉืื•ึน ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™ื• ืึถืœ ื”ึธืึฑืœึนื”ึดื™ื ื•ึฐื”ึดื’ึผึดื™ืฉืื•ึน ืึถืœ ื”ึทื“ึผึถืœึถืช ืื•ึน ืึถืœ ื”ึทืžึผึฐื–ื•ึผื–ึธื” ื•ึฐืจึธืฆึทืข ืึฒื“ึนื ึธื™ื• ืึถืช ืึธื–ึฐื ื•ึน ื‘ึผึทืžึผึทืจึฐืฆึตืขึท ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ื•ึน ืœึฐืขึนืœึธื.

ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื•ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื›ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ1, ืื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื”, ืœ"ื˜-ืž"ื•):

ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ื™ึธืžื•ึผืšึฐ ืึธื—ึดื™ืšึธ ืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ ื•ึฐื ึดืžึฐื›ึผึทืจ ืœึธืšึฐ ืœึนื ืชึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืขึฒื‘ึนื“ึทืช ืขึธื‘ึถื“. ื›ึผึฐืฉื‚ึธื›ึดื™ืจ ื›ึผึฐืชื•ึนืฉืึธื‘ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ ืขึทื“ ืฉืึฐื ึทืช ื”ึทื™ึผึนื‘ึตืœ ื™ึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ ืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ. ื•ึฐื™ึธืฆึธื ืžึตืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ ื”ื•ึผื ื•ึผื‘ึธื ึธื™ื• ืขึดืžึผื•ึน ื•ึฐืฉืึธื‘ ืึถืœ ืžึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทื—ึฐืชึผื•ึน ื•ึฐืึถืœ ืึฒื—ึปื–ึผึทืช ืึฒื‘ึนืชึธื™ื• ื™ึธืฉืื•ึผื‘. ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึทื™ ื”ึตื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึนืฆึตืืชึดื™ ืึนืชึธื ืžึตืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึธื™ึดื ืœึนื ื™ึดืžึผึธื›ึฐืจื•ึผ ืžึดืžึฐื›ึผึถืจึถืช ืขึธื‘ึถื“. ืœึนื ืชึดืจึฐื“ึผึถื” ื‘ื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืคึธืจึถืšึฐ ื•ึฐื™ึธืจึตืืชึธ ืžึตืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ. ื•ึฐืขึทื‘ึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื•ึทืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ื•ึผ ืœึธืšึฐ ืžึตืึตืช ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึนื™ึดื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืกึฐื‘ึดื™ื‘ึนืชึตื™ื›ึถื ืžึตื”ึถื ืชึผึดืงึฐื ื•ึผ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื•ึฐืึธืžึธื”. ื•ึฐื’ึทื ืžึดื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึนืฉืึธื‘ึดื™ื ื”ึทื’ึผึธืจึดื™ื ืขึดืžึผึธื›ึถื ืžึตื”ึถื ืชึผึดืงึฐื ื•ึผ ื•ึผืžึดืžึผึดืฉืึฐืคึผึทื—ึฐืชึผึธื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืขึดืžึผึธื›ึถื ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื”ื•ึนืœึดื™ื“ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึฐืึทืจึฐืฆึฐื›ึถื ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ื•ึผ ืœึธื›ึถื ืœึทืึฒื—ึปื–ึผึธื”. ื•ึฐื”ึดืชึฐื ึทื—ึทืœึฐืชึผึถื ืึนืชึธื ืœึดื‘ึฐื ึตื™ื›ึถื ืึทื—ึฒืจึตื™ื›ึถื ืœึธืจึถืฉืึถืช ืึฒื—ึปื–ึผึธื” ืœึฐืขึนืœึธื ื‘ึผึธื”ึถื ืชึผึทืขึฒื‘ึนื“ื•ึผ ื•ึผื‘ึฐืึทื—ึตื™ื›ึถื ื‘ึผึฐื ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœ ืึดื™ืฉื ื‘ึผึฐืึธื—ึดื™ื• ืœึนื ืชึดืจึฐื“ึผึถื” ื‘ื•ึน ื‘ึผึฐืคึธืจึถืšึฐ.

ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื‘ื“. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” "ืœื ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื‘ื“". ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืจืง ืžืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื ืžื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืกื•ืชืจืช ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ืคื•ืชื—ืช "ื›ื™ ืชืงื ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™". ื—ื–"ืœ ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืกืชื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืžืจื, ืฉืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘"ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ" โ€“ ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืจ ืขื•ืกืงืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืชื”, ื‘"ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•", ืžื—ืžืช ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื“ื—ื•ืง.
ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืจืื” ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜"ื•, ื™"ื‘-ื™"ื—):

ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึดืžึผึธื›ึตืจ ืœึฐืšึธ ืึธื—ึดื™ืšึธ ื”ึธืขึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ ืื•ึน ื”ึธืขึดื‘ึฐืจึดื™ึผึธื” ื•ึทืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ืฉืึตืฉื ืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึทืฉึผืึธื ึธื” ื”ึทืฉึผืึฐื‘ึดื™ืขึดืช ืชึผึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืžึตืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ. ื•ึฐื›ึดื™ ืชึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึถื ึผื•ึผ ื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืžึตืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ ืœึนื ืชึฐืฉืึทืœึผึฐื—ึถื ึผื•ึผ ืจึตื™ืงึธื. ื”ึทืขึฒื ึตื™ืง ืชึผึทืขึฒื ึดื™ืง ืœื•ึน ืžึดืฆึผึนืื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื’ึผึธืจึฐื ึฐืšึธ ื•ึผืžึดื™ึผึดืงึฐื‘ึถืšึธ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ื‘ึผึตืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืชึผึดืชึผึถืŸ ืœื•ึน. ื•ึฐื–ึธื›ึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ื”ึธื™ึดื™ืชึธ ื‘ึผึฐืึถืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทื™ึดื ื•ึทื™ึผึดืคึฐื“ึผึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึผึฐืšึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ ื”ึทื–ึผึถื” ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื. ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ื›ึผึดื™ ื™ึนืืžึทืจ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ืœึนื ืึตืฆึตื ืžึตืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ ื›ึผึดื™ ืึฒื”ึตื‘ึฐืšึธ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื‘ึผึตื™ืชึถืšึธ ื›ึผึดื™ ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืœื•ึน ืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ. ื•ึฐืœึธืงึทื—ึฐืชึผึธ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึทืจึฐืฆึตืขึท ื•ึฐื ึธืชึทืชึผึธื” ื‘ึฐืึธื–ึฐื ื•ึน ื•ึผื‘ึทื“ึผึถืœึถืช ื•ึฐื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึฐืšึธ ืขึถื‘ึถื“ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ื•ึฐืึทืฃ ืœึทืึฒืžึธืชึฐืšึธ ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื” ื›ึผึตืŸ. ืœึนื ื™ึดืงึฐืฉืึถื” ื‘ึฐืขึตื™ื ึถืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื—ึฒืšึธ ืึนืชื•ึน ื—ึธืคึฐืฉืึดื™ ืžึตืขึดืžึผึธืšึฐ ื›ึผึดื™ ืžึดืฉืึฐื ึถื” ืฉื‚ึฐื›ึทืจ ืฉื‚ึธื›ึดื™ืจ ืขึฒื‘ึธื“ึฐืšึธ ืฉืึตืฉื ืฉืึธื ึดื™ื ื•ึผื‘ึตืจึทื›ึฐืšึธ ื”' ืึฑืœึนื”ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึผึฐื›ึนืœ ืึฒืฉืึถืจ ืชึผึทืขึฒืฉื‚ึถื”.

ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืขื‘ื“, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘"ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘" โ€“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื›ื™ืจ.

ืœืื•ืจ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”2, ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.

ืกื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ืžืจื
ื”ื’ืžืจื ื“ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื ืงื ื” ื‘ื›ืกืฃ (ื™"ื“ ืข"ื‘):

โ€ฆืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื ืœืŸ, ืืžืจ ืงืจื "ื›ื™ ื™ืžื›ืจ ืœืš ืื—ื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื", ืžืงื™ืฉ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื”. ืืฉื›ื—ืŸ ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื•, ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื ืœืŸ, ื™ืœื™ืฃ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ" "ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ื”ื ื™ื—ื ืœืžืืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ืฃ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ" "ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืืœื ืœืžืืŸ ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ" "ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืžืื™ ืื™ื›ื ืœืžื™ืžืจ, ืืžืจ ืงืจื "ื•ื›ื™ ืชืฉื™ื’", ืžื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืžื“ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืžื ืกื” ื”ื’ืžืจื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ". ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื ื ื–ื” โ€“ ื ื“ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” (ืกื™' ื›"ื• ืขื ืฃ ื‘'):

ื“ื”ื ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืชืžื•ื”, ื“ื”ื ืกืชืžื ื“ื’ืžืจื ืืžืจ ืืœื ืœืžืืŸ ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืข ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื’ืž' ื“ืื™ื›ื ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื™ื” ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื“ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืฆื™ื ื•, ื“ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื”ื• ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืชื™ืจืฅ ื‘ื’ืž' ื“ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื• ืœืžื™ืกื‘ืจ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื”ื ื™ ืชื ืื™ ื“ืฉืœืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื•ืช ืื™ื›ื ืžืืŸ ื“ืืžืจ ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื”ื• ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจโ€ฆ

ืœื’ืžืจื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ "ืžืืŸ ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืืฃ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื™ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืชื ื. ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“?
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื” ืžืชืจืฅ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื•, ืืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื ืืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืฉืืœื” ืœืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืฉืืœืช ื”ื’ืžืจื: "ื•ืžืืŸ ืชื ื ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ" ื ืฉืืจืช ืœืœื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืื•ืžืจื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื.

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฉื›ื™ืจ" ื›ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“3. ืชื ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ืงืจื "ืฉื›ื™ืจ". ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืจืฉืชื•, ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื•. ืื“ืจื‘ื”. ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื "ืขื‘ื“", ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฉื›ื™ืจ" ื‘ืื” ื‘"ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘": "ื›ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื", ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืœ ื™ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ืฉื™ืœื•ื—ื• ื•ื”ื”ืขื ืงื” ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื• ("ืœื”ืจืฆืืช ืื“ื•ืŸ", ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžืจื).

ืขื•ืžืงื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ (ื’ื ื–ื™ ืจืžื—"ืœ, "ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื", ืขืž' ืขืจ"ื” ื•ื”ืœืื”4):

ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื•ื›ื™ืโ€ฆ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ื‘"ื” ื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืชื™ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื–ืง, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ืœื” ืื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื• ืœื—ื‘ื™ืจื•โ€ฆ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืœ ืชืฉื•ืงืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืงื‘"ื”. ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ื‘ืจื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื™ืช"ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ื“, ืืœื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื›ืœ ืขืฆืžื ืœื”ืงื‘"ื”, ื•ืงื‘"ื” ืžื’ืœื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืขื•ืฆื ืชืคืืจืช ืงื“ื•ืฉืชื• ืœื”ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื“ "ืื– ืชืชืขื ื’ ืขืœ ื”'", ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืชโ€ฆ
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€ฆ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื ืคืกืง ื—"ื•. ืืžื ื ืžืจื—ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ื โ€“ ืฉืœื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืกืชืจ ืคื ื™ืโ€ฆ
ื•ืืžื ื ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื ื•ืœืžื“ืจื™ื’ืชื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื•, ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขื‘ื“โ€ฆ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื”ืชื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื "ื ืฉืžื•ืช", ื•ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื, ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื ื—ืช ื•ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืกื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืœื˜ืจื•ื— ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื”ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื—, ืืœื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœื•.
ืฉืžื ืชืืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื• ืืœื” ืฉื ื’ื–ืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ืœืืœื” ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื˜? ืื™ื ื• ื›ืš, ื›ื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื ืžืฆื, ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืชื™ืฉื‘ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื ื—ืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืจืฉื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืฆื ืงื•ืจืช ืจื•ื— ืืœื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœื• ื ื•ืชืŸ. ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ืฉื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื ืงื•ืจืช ืจื•ื— ืืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื˜ืจื•ื—, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืจืฉื•, ืืœื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”. ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ื–ื• โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื”. ื•ื ืžืฆื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—"ื•, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืชืงืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ืžืชืื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื, ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ืโ€ฆ

ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื” "ืชืงืœื”", ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ืื• ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืื– ื—ื˜ื ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ืชื.
ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ โ€“ "ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื’ื” ื–ื• โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ืชื™ืงื•ื ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื”"5.
ื ืžืฆื, ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžื›ืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืขื‘ื“", ื•ืœื ืฉืœ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ". ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ, ืืœื ื›ืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“, ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชืจ ืคื ื™ื.
ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ "ืชื ื ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืœื•ืžื“ ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื–ื•, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืฉื›ื™ืจ. ื”ื’ืžืจื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื ื โ€“ ื•ื›ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• โ€“ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื "ืขื‘ื“", ื•ืœื "ืฉื›ื™ืจ".

ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•
ืืžื ื, ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”.
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื, ืจืง ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ืชื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืขื‘ื“, ืื•ืœื ืœืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื‘ืืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืžื”ื•ืชื?
ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืื ื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืื“ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: ื–ื”ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืžื—"ืœ. ืื•ืœื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืœืžื“ืชื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ืฉื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื•, ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ืงื ืžืงื™ื•ืžื•. ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขืžืœืง, ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขืžืžื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื• (ืขื™' ื‘ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืงืค"ื– ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ). ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืœืœ ืชื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื•ื–ื‘ื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืื™ื ื ื” ืคื•ื’ืžืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื“ืจืš ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘, ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืงื™ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžืœืื”, ืืš ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘. ืจืžื—"ืœ ืžืœืžื“ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจื™ื”ื โ€“ ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื• โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืชื•, ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ื•, ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”.

ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” "ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ"
ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืœื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื–ื•.
ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื”. ื”ืื—ื“, ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื“ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืจื‘ื• ืขื“ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื™ืœืžื“ ืกืชื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ", ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”6. ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืืฃ ืื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืจื‘ื•.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื?
ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ (ื”ืœ' ืžืžืจื™ื ืค"ื ื”"ื’):

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืชืžืฆื ื‘ื• ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•.

ืื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืื ืœืœื•ืžื“ื” ืื• ืœื โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืžืฉื”, ื•ืื ืœื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื” โ€“ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•7.

ืžื”ื• ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื?
ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืฉื“ื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื•. ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ืŸ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื” ืื• ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืœืžื“.
ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืžืฉื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืš. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืžืกื™ื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ืช ื›ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื•, ื•ืจืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื ืœืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ืชื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ โ€“ ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.

ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ"?
ื™ืชื›ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื›ืš ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื•, ื•ื ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื:

ื•ืžืืŸ ืชื ื ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ืื™ ืชื ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืชื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืฉืฉ ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืฉ, ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ืžื›ืจ ืืœื ืœืฉืฉ. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ื ื• ื ืจืฆืข, ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื ืจืฆืข. ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื•, ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื•. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื• ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื• ืฉืคื—ื” ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช, ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื• ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื• ืฉืคื—ื” ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช. ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื ืžื›ืจ ืืœื ืœืฉืฉ, ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืฆืข, ื•ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื•, ื•ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ืจื‘ื• ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื• ืฉืคื—ื” ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช. ืžืื™ ืœืื• ื‘ื”ื ืงืžื™ืคืœื’ื™, ื“ืชื ื ืงืžื ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื ื‘ื”ืื™ ืงืจื ืงืžื™ืคืœื’ื™โ€ฆ

ื•ืจ' ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืชื ื ืงืžื.
ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—:

ืืœื ืžืืŸ ืชื ื ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื”ืื™ ืชื ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืชื ื™ื "ื•ืฉื‘ ืืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ื’ื•'", ืืžืจ ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืื™ ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžื•ืจ, ืื™ ื‘ื ืจืฆืข โ€“ ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•, ื•ืื™ ืกืœืงื ื“ืขืชืš ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ โ€“ ืœืžื” ืœื™, ื ื™ืœืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ, ื•ืื™ืฆื˜ืจื™ืš ืกืœืงื ื“ืขืชืš ืืžื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ืื™ืกื•ืจื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื‘ื“ ืื™ืกื•ืจื ืื™ืžื ื ื™ืงื ืกื™ื”, ืงื ืžืฉืžืข ืœืŸโ€ฆ

ืจ' ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžืโ€ฆ", ื•ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ: "ืœืขื•ืœืโ€ฆ". ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื”8.
ืจ' ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”: "ืžืืŸ ืชื ื ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ" ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื ื”: "ื“ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืชื ื ื›ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื–ื”.
ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืฉืœืžื“ื•ื” ืžืขืฆืžื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ ืื•ืชื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืชื ื ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื–ื•. ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืœื ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
ื ืžืฆื ืื ื›ืŸ, ืฉืœืžืืŸ "ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ื•ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื ื ื›ื–ื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืฉื›ื™ืจ" ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื›"ืขื‘ื“".
ืœืจ' ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™, ืฉื–ื• ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ โ€“ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืœืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“. ืืฃ ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•, ืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื›"ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืืœื ื›"ืขื‘ื“", ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ืขื‘ื“"9.
ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืžื—"ืœ.


 

 

1 ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืงืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื ืคื’ืข. ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจื’ ืื“ื (ื›"ื, ื™"ื‘-ื™"ื“), ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื ืฉืŸ โ€“ ืžื™ืชื” โ€“ ืžืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจืชืŸ (ื˜"ื•-ื™"ื–), ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ โ€“ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื“ื (ื™"ื—-ื›"ื–), ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื•ืจ ืฉื”ื–ื™ืง ืœืื“ื (ื›"ื—-ืœ"ื‘), ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ โ€“ ื ื–ืง ืœื‘ื”ืžื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื’ื ื‘ (ื›"ื, ืœ"ื’ โ€“ ื›"ื‘, ื’'), ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ โ€“ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœืฆื•ืžื— (ื“'-ื”'), ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ โ€“ ื ื–ืงื™ื ืœื“ื•ืžื (ื•'-ื–'). ืคืกื•ืง ื—' ื”ื•ื ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื•ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื›ื•ืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื”"ืง (ื—"ื’, ืงืฆ"ื— ืข"ื), ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืขืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ื–ื”, ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžื›ื•ืœืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”. ื”ื›ื™ืฆื“? ื ืจืื”, ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช, ื•ืœื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ืช, ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื”ื™ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืžื—"ืœ. ืืฃ ื—ื–"ืœ ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉ"ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืฉื” ืžื›ื•ืœื" (ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื—' ืข"ื‘). ืขื™' ื’ื ื‘ืจืื‘"ืข ืฉื›ืชื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืช ื›"ื, ื‘'): "ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื•. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื“" โ€“ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ื˜', ื˜'): "ืžืื” ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืœื ืงื ืื” ืื—ืช".
2 ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื–ืœื’, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื›ืœ ืคืจืฉื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
3 ืืžื ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื”, ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื›ืœืœืช.
4 ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช. ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื.
5 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื’ืจื•ืช ืจืื™"ื” ื', ืื’ืจืช ืค"ื˜ (ืขืž' ืฆ"ื”): "ื•ื“ืข ืขื•ื“, ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื“' ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ืฉืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื™ืœื›ื• ื‘ื ื•ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื, ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ืชืงืœื”, ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื—ืง ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ืง ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื•ืื“ืจื‘ื ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื” ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ืžื” ืชืงืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืืœื™ื”ืโ€ฆ". ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš (ืขืž' ืฆ"ื—): "ื•ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉืื ื ืงื— ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื ืฉื›ื™ืœื”ื•, ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืœื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™' ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืงืชื“ืจื ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื. ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ืคื™ ื•ืจืฉืขื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื•ื”ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื”ื". ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ืช ื ืฉืžืชื™ืช, ื•ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืชื”.
6 ืขื™' ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื˜ื‘"ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืกื›ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืขืœ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” "ืงื™ื—ื” ืงื™ื—ื”" ืžืฉื“ื” ืขืคืจื•ืŸ: "ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื›ื ื›ื™ ื™ืงื— ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืชื ื ืชืชื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืงื— ืžืžื ื™. ืคื™' ืžื” ื”ืชื ื›ืกืฃ ืืฃ ื”ื›ื ื›ืกืฃ. ื•ืœืื• ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื, ื“ื”ื ืงื™ื—ื” ื“ื”ืชื ืงืื™ ืื›ืกืฃ ื•ืงื™ื—ื” ื“ื”ื›ื ืงืื™ ืืืฉื”, ืืœื ื’ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืชื ื‘ืขืœืžื ื•ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื ืœืžื“ ืกืชื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ื“ืœื™ืฉื ื ื“ืงื™ื—ื” ืงื™ื—ื” ื“ื›ืชื‘ ืจื—ืžื ื ืืชื ืœื’ืœื•ื™ื™ ื“ืžื” ื”ืชื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืืฃ ื”ื›ื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื“ื›ื•ื•ืชื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“โ€ฆ".
7 ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื (ืขื™' ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื™"ื’ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ืžื”ื“ื•"ื‘ ืขืž' ื›"ื“-ื›"ื”), ืฉืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืžืขืฆืžื• "ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชืœืžื•ื“ื•", ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (ืคืกื—ื™ื ืค"ื• ื”"ื), ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืžืฉื” ืืœื ืœืžื“ื•ื” ืžืขืฆืžื.
ื‘. ืขื™' ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘"ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ", ืขืž' ืž"ื•-ืž"ื–, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื”ื "ืœ.
8 ืืžื ื, ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš ืฉืจ' ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืชื ื ืงืžื ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: "ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื", ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืชื ื ืงืžื ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™. ืจ' ื ื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ืฉื ืืžืจื” ื‘ืกืชื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ "ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื". ืื•ืœื, ื ืจืื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืจ' ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืืœื”, ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื›ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื–ื•: "ืžืืŸ ืชื ื ื“ืœื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ื•ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: "ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื ืื™ื, ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืชื ื ืงืžื ื•ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ.
9 ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจ' ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช. ืจ' ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ืกื•ื‘ืจ, ืฉืืฃ ืชื ื ืงืžื "ื™ืœื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื ืžืฆื, ื›ื™ ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื–ื•, ืืฃ ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืจื•ืื” ืงืฉืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉ"ืฉื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื”", ื•ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื—ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืืฃ ืื ื ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ืฉืœืžื“ื•ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื’ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื” ื”ืžืœืžื“ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžื™ืขื˜ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ "ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจ" ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื ืœืžื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ื ืžืฆื, ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืฉืžื›ืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืฉื›ื™ืจ", ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืขื‘ื“", ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•,ืฃ ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืชื‘ืืจ. ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื”, ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื—"ืœ.

 

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืืชืจ. ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื *